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Cervical Spine Anatomy Audio

Learning cervical spine anatomy (bones, joints, actions, ligaments, muscles, palpation) is essential for addressing neck pain and optimal motion.

Cervical Spine Anatomy

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I have almost completed my CPT certification and am half-way through the Human Movement certification to inform my massage practice. The different modalities of reading, watching audiovisual materials, and attending live or recorded webinars have been important to my learning style and for review.

Brookbush Institute has the most detailed, specific and effective tools for online learning for movement and/or bodywork professionals. I love the combination of the videos as well as the text available online.

I recently completed the CPT course. It was demanding yet practical. I would highly recommend it for anyone wanting an education about human movement.

I have my personal trainer certificate through here and am almost finished my human movement specialist certification. Overall, the education that Brookbush has packaged together for clinicians and trainers is invaluable. I am a physio assistant so coming from more of a rehab background I appreciate that this education has been beneficial both as a trainer and in a rehab setting. I love that I have been able to do all learning at my own pace and able to work around my schedule. Thank you for setting up this platform! Highly recommend :)

I have been a massage therapist for 10 yrs and I feel like all the “pieces” I’ve learned throughout the yrs have been put into place and can see the full picture. I am also a member to tons of great content since I love to learn! I plan to get my CPT through them as well.

I have been following Brent Brookbush for nearly a decade- back when I was a personal Trainer and now as a Physical Therapist. BBI is an incredible resource for any movement nerds and corrective exercise specialists! The information is thorough with multiple real world applications. I am looking forward to an in-person Manual Therapist course the second they do one a little bit closer to Virginia ;)

I have taken both the Human Movement Specialist and Certified Personal Trainer certificate programs and have found the value in understanding the how and ways the body moves and functions and from evidence, non-biased, outcome, conceptual, theoretical, and practical approach to helping my clients/patients look better, feel better, and move better.

Over the last years I've returned time and again to Brookbush Institute for stellar coursework as I've worked toward a Human Movement Specialist certification. (I'm currently ACE CPT, and in training with Anatomy Trains for Structural Integration Manual Therapy.) Every Brookbush Institute module is fantastic and each one includes detailed informational videos, written descriptions of how to-do, and, more importantly, why to-do!

I am a 70 yr old chiropractor and no other healthcare provider was able to come up with an exercise protocol particular to my structural and balances and muscle deficits and keep me in the game. And as for continuing education on human skeletal movement, the website is phenomenal full of great exercises for particular mechanical dysfunction.

The H.M.S. is the most valuable certificate I have earned and was a fraction of the the cost of my others. Define the best bang for your buck!

Brookbush is the most efficient Personal Training Certification I have ever come across. All the lessons are well thought out and very straight to the point.

I am getting my Master's degree in Kinesiology, and I would like to say that I have benefited greatly from the rich, comprehensive, well-documented scientific content of Brookbush Institute that links theory to practical applications. Proudly I've got my CPT certificate, and I am on my way to get my HMS certificate.

Having courses count towards different certifications makes it so users can transition seamlessly from one certification to another. In my case, going from earning the BI CPT to earning the BI HMS was an easy decision and I am proud to have earned both certifications. I have also had the pleasure of going to a Live HMS workshop that was well taught by Instructor Boettcher and that was excellent to see how the methods and techniques are implemented.



I have been a member of BBI for years and every course I have taken has been incredibly informative. I learn more from these courses than I do at local CEU courses for my PTA license. I also earned my CPT and HMS certifications through the platform. It was so convenient and the content was top notch! Forever member.

We learn principles in academia, we learn cool new modalities via whatever specialty certification, but BBI really concentrates on the nuances of passive treatment and they do a fantastic job. The format in which BBI instructs soft tissue specialists (DPTs, Chiros, ATs) like myself feels like almost like an apprenticeship. You get a thoroughly detailed explanation of the “why’s”, and a visual comprehension of how to apply. Personally, I believe application is where the good and the great are distinguished.

Brookbush has been incredibly helpful since I was in massage school and now as I’m in my career! I run my own practice and it gives me the resources I need to not only improve what I already know, but also help me navigate better, more efficient ways of treatment.

Totally loving the convenience and affordability of this program with my crazy lifestyle! I feel like I am getting a quality education without a massive cost! My favorite part is the videos I can watch in the courses. I learn so much better that way. Once I really spent more time on the site, I figured out how to maneuver around a lot better! I enjoy the sense of humor, as well as the easy explanation, and short tests. And if I am really tired, I can have the computer read me the lessons. 😁

Challenging concepts are explained in very understandable terms without dumbing down the material, and I find this program to be superior in quality to other personal training programs.

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Integrated Manual Therapist

This course describes cervical spine anatomy, also known as the “bones of the neck”. The cervical vertebrae and joints include the atlanto-occipital joint (AO/C1), atlanto-axial joint (C1/C2), and the facet and disk joints of the middle and lower cervical vertebrae (C2 – C7). This course includes descriptions of the bones, synovial joints, disk/discs, joint actions, ligaments, bursae, relative location, the relationship between the bones of the cervical spine, and the muscles that cross the cervical spine. Further, this course discusses palpation and introduces cervical facet joint and neck muscle specific exercises, manual techniques, and interventions for dysfunction, pain, posture, and movement impairment. The cervical spine is included in the common compensation patterns known as forward head posture and upper crossed syndrome (UCS). Sports medicine professionals (personal trainers, fitness instructors, physical therapists, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, athletic trainers, etc.) with advanced knowledge of the cervical spine and facet joints will improve their ability to analyze human movement and develop sophisticated exercise programs and therapeutic (rehabilitation) interventions. Further, this course is essential knowledge for future courses discussing injury prevention and physical rehabilitation/physical therapy (e.g. chronic neck pain, neck sprains, disc herniations, osteoarthritis, whiplash syndrome, cervicogenic headache), the relationship between the cervical spine, scapula and glenohumeral joints (e.g. over-activity of the upper trapezius can contribute to forward head posture, scapula dyskinesis, and shoulder dysfunction) and neck specific techniques for enhancing sports performance (e.g. cervical muscle release, facet joint mobilization, deep neck flexor activation).

Integrated Manual Therapist (IMT) Certification 

Pre-approved for Continuing Education Credits for:

Brookbush Institute's most recommended techniques for the Cervical Spine (see videos below):

Self-administered Cervical Extensor Release

Diagram of the cervical vertebrae

Course Description: Cervical Spine Anatomy

Introduction to the Brookbush Institute online course "Cervical Spine Anatomy" study guide

Study Guide: Cervical Spine Anatomy

: 1680s, "of the neck," from French cervical, from Latin cervix (see cervix). Meaning "of the neck of the womb" attested by 1860. (

:c. 1400, "backbone," later "thornlike part" (early 15c.), from Old French espine "thorn, prickle; backbone, spine" (12c., Modern French épine), from Latin spina "backbone," originally "thorn, prickle" (figuratively, in the plural, "difficulties, perplexities"), from PIE*spe-ina-, from root *spei- "sharp point" (see spike (n.1)). Meaning "the back of a book" is first attested in 1922. (

: Old English hnecca "neck, nape, back of the neck" (a fairly rare word) from Proto-Germanic *hnekk- "the nape of the neck" (source also of Old Frisian hnekka, Middle Dutch necke, Dutch nek, Old Norse hnakkr, Old High German hnach, German Nacken"neck"), with no certain cognates outside Germanic, though Klein's sources suggest PIE*knok- "high point, ridge" (source of Old Irish cnocc, Welsh cnwch, Old Breton cnoch"hill"). The more usual Old English words were hals (the general Germanic word, cognate with Gothic, Old Norse, Danish, Swedish, Dutch, German hals), cognate with Latin collum(see collar (n.)); and sweora, swira "neck, nape," probably also from a PIE root meaning "column" (cognate with Old English swer "column," Sanskrit svaru- "post"). Transferred senses attested from c. 1400. Phrase neck of the woods (American English) is attested from 1780 in the sense of "narrow stretch of woods;" 1839 with meaning "settlement in a wooded region." To stick one's neck out "take a risk" is first recorded in 1919, American English. Horses running neck and neck is attested from 1799. (

: "chest of the body," late 14c., from Latin thorax "the breast, chest; breastplate," from Greek thorax (genitive thorakos) "breastplate, chest," of unknown origin." (

Joint (n): "c. 1300, "an (anatomical) joint, a part of a body where two bones meet and move in contact with one another, the structure that holds such bones together," from Old French joint "joint of the body" (12c.), from Latin iunctus "united, connected, associated," past participle of iungere "join" (see 

The cervical spine from an anterior view

C7 - Vertebra Prominens
By Anatomography - en:Anatomography (setting page of this image), CC BY-SA 2.1 jp, htt

The spine provides vertical stability to the trunk and head on the pelvis and protects the spinal cord and nerve roots.

The spine has primary and secondary curves:

The primary thoracic and sacral curves are kyphotic (convex when viewed from the posterior side), and present at birth

The secondary cervical and lumbar curves are lordotic (concave posteriorly) and develop after birth through movement and weight-bearing postures.

The individual bones of the spine are referred to as 

. Each vertebra is named by the first letter of its region (cervical (C), thoracic (T), lumbar(L)) followed by a number corresponding to its order from the most superior vertebra of the region. For example, T4 refers to the fourth thoracic vertebra; T5 would be the vertebra just below it.

 are irregularly shaped bones with specific features. The following are features common to all vertebra.  

 is shaped like a short ovular or circular column. It is designed to be the primary weight-bearing structure of the spine.

Projecting posteriorly from the vertebral body, bony processes create an archway. When the vertebrae are stacked on top of one another, these archways create a tunnel called the 

. The vertebral canal houses and protects the 

The posterior archways are comprised of: 

 are bony pillar-like projections that connect the vertebral body to the laterally projecting transverse processes.

 are lateral projections which are the attachment sites for several 

 course medially from the pedicles, bridging the transverse processes on either side with the spinous process.

 is the posterior projection of the vertebra, whose ends can be felt just under the skin. Like the transverse processes, this projection creates a better moment arm and attachment site for several 

 project superiorly and inferiorly to form the facet (zygapophyseal) joints between adjacent vertebrae.

 is a laterally facing opening between the pedicles of two adjacent vertebrae where the spinal nerve roots exit from the spinal cord and travel to peripheral structures.

Drawing from Gray&#39;s Anatomy of a cervical vertebrae with anatomy labeled

Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body

Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs (IVdisks)

 are like cushions between adjacent vertebral bodies. They have multiple functions including maintaining the height of the intervertebral foramen, aiding in shock absorption, facilitating load transfer, adding to the stability of the spine, creating an axis of rotation, and allowing motion between adjacent vertebrae. The meeting of the cartilaginous vertebral endplates of the discs and the bodies of each vertebra comprises most of the joint surface area between adjacent vertebrae. The discs have a tough fibrous outer portion called the 

 and a gelatinous inner portion called the 

 between the superior articular processes of the inferior vertebra and the inferior articular facets of the superior vertebra, and one 

 between the disc and neighboring vertebral bodies. Note, each vertebra is connected by two facet joints and an intervertebral joint to the vertebra above and the vertebra below, for a total of 6 joints per vertebra. The intervertebral joint creates space between the vertebra and an axis of rotation for motion to occur. The planar orientation of the facet joints determines the range of motion of the vertebrae. For example, horizontally oriented facets as seen in the cervical spine allow more rotation, while vertical facets as seen in the lumbar spine allow more flexion and extension. Note: sometimes the connection between two or more vertebrae is called a segment.

Cervcial spine facet joints which allow for movement

By BruceBlaus. Blausen.com staff. "Blausen gallery 2014". Wikiversity Journal of Medicine. DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 20018762. - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27796926; Schematic of the facet joint. ps://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22460802

Each section of the spine has distinct anatomic features that are important to function. The unique features of the cervical spine are described below:

 The cervical spine has the largest range of motion of any region of the spine. This maximizes an individual's ability to position their head in space, allowing for the greatest accuracy in collecting sensory data from the eyes, ears, nose, and vestibular system.

Lateral flexion of the cervical spine

 The cervical vertebra are the smallest of any region, likely due to the relatively small amount of mass the cervical spine supports (the head).

 C3-C6 are considered "typical" vertebra of the region and have similar structures:  

 is triangular shaped and large in comparison to the size of the vertebral body. This accommodates the large number of neural structures that must pass through this region (spinal cord, cervical plexus, and brachial plexus)

 are nearly rectangular (wider laterally than anterior to posterior) with curved edges. The superior/lateral surfaces rise to form lateral wall-like structures called uncinate processes. This creates an additional "joint" structure between the superiorly projecting uncinate processes and a small notch on the inferior/lateral surface of the vertebrae above, between C2-C7. These joints are known as the joints of von Luschka or uncovertebral joints (U joints). The U Joints also form part of the medial wall of the intervertebral foramen (passage for nerve roots).

 are short, with anterior and posterior tubercles for muscle attachments, and a transverse foramen for the passage of the vertebral artery.

 (facet joint surfaces) are relatively smooth and flat (oriented toward the transverse plane)

 have crescent-shaped annular rings. The anterior side of the disc is thicker and reinforced by the anterior longitudinal ligament, compared to the more vulnerable posterolateral portion of the disc. There is a small horizontal indentation near the uncinate processes to allow motion at the U joints.

The first vertebrae of the cervical spine commonly known as the Atlas

Atlas (C1) pictured from above - By Gliu. - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8833686

The second vertebrae of the cervical spine commonly known as the Axis

Axis (C2) from the top (note the "Dens" projection) - en: Anatomography

 C1, C2, and C7 possess most of the typical features of the region, but with important functional modifications. 

Does not have a vertebral body, pedicles, lamina, spinous process, or a disc

Has two large lateral masses connected by anterior and posterior arches that create a bony ring

Has the widest transverse processes in the region

Cervical Vertebra C1: Anatomical Illustrations in Anterior, Posterior, Lateral, and Superior Views.

Has a vertebral body that projects superiorly above the margin of the vertebra. The projection is called the "odontoid process" or "dens", and extends into the space in the ring formed by C1.

Cervical Vertebra C2: Anatomical Illustrations in Anterior, Posterior, Lateral, and Superior Views.

Has transitional features typical for the vertebra of the thoracic region; a large pointy spinous process, larger transverse processes, and facet joints that approach the frontal plane orientation of the thoracic spine.

May be paired with a cervical rib (above the first rib), projecting from the anterior tubercle of the transverse process

Cervical Vertebra C7: Anatomical Illustrations in Anterior, Posterior, Lateral, and Superior Views.

Craniovertebral joints, Atlanto-Occipital joint, lateral view. Occipital condyle and superior atricular facet of atlas

A drawing of the skull and occipital bone in &#34;Gray&#39;s Anatomy&#34;

Craniovertebral joints, Axial joint, lateral view. Den of axis, median atlanto-axial joint, and lateral atlanto-axial joint

How the C1 and C2 connect with one another

An image of the facet joint angles in the cervical spine

Cervical spine facet joint, joint capsule, and joint cavity.

Types of Joints

X-ray of the cervical spine

An image of the occipital bone highlighted

An image of the superior nuchal line running down posterior side of the cervical spine

The facet joints of the C-spine, notice how the facet joins form pillar-like structure in the laminar trough of the cervical vertebrae

Cervical Spine Alignment & Palpation

Note the layers of the tectorial membrane of the upper cervical spine

Cervical Connective Tissues: Capsule, Ligaments, and Menisci

Introduction to Cervical Spine Anatomy

Introduction to the innervation of the spine

When considering the nervous system and spine, there are at least two levels of organization: sensory and motor innervations, and the level of the exiting spinal nerve roots. Exiting nerve roots at each segment continue to become peripheral nerves which innervate all body tissues from muscles, joints, and fascia, to the skin, organs, and blood vessels. Awareness of the neural innervation of spinal structures can provide insight into what structures may be pain generators, and what structures may be affected when a nerve or nerve root is "not healthy".

The spine is where the musculoskeletal anatomy of the vertebral column interacts with neuroanatomy, and where the central nervous system transitions into the peripheral nervous system. This transition occurs at the spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramen, between each pair of vertebrae. The list below describes the pathway of the nervous system from the spinal cord to the periphery:

The nerve roots existing the spinal cord at the thorax

Spinal Cord at Thorax, note the nerve roots exiting the spinal cord. - By Anatomist90 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=32862232

has nerve fibers that exit at each segment through the vertebral foramen and split into:

 - primarily motor (efferent or "outgoing signals") nerve fibers

 - primarily sensory (afferent or "incoming signals") nerve fibers

 (mixed with both afferent and efferent fibers). The spinal nerve exits the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramen at each spinal level. The C1 nerve root exits between the cranium and C1 and all subsequent cervical nerve roots are labeled for the inferior segment. However, there are 7 cervical vertebra and 8 cervical nerve roots; the C8 nerve root exits between the C7 and T1 vertebra. After C8, all subsequent nerves are labeled for the vertebrae above the nerve root. That is, all thoracic and lumbar nerve roots are labeled based on the superior segment. The mixed spinal nerve quickly splits into ventral and dorsal rami:

Supplies sensory and motor innervation to anterior and lateral body areas

Sends fibers to the sympathetic nervous system

 sends fibers from sympathetic trunk back to the ventral root

Joins with the ventral rami of other levels to form plexuses (e.g. cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, and sacral plexus) and peripheral nerves made of fibers from multiple levels.

Supplies the sensory and motor innervation to posterior body areas

Remains segmental (doesn't interact with other spinal segments) supplying sensory innervation and motor innervation to the skin and muscles of the back at approximately the same horizontal level. Forms medial and lateral branches at the rami that travel peripherally.

A diagram of the spinal nerves, dorsal and ventral roots, and dorsal and ventral ramus

Note: Dorsal & Ventral Root --> Spinal Nerve (Mixed Nerve) --> Dorsal & Ventral Ramus (original by Tristanb)

The following three sections describe in detail, 3 layers of organization of the nervous system as it relates to the spine: sensory innervation of spinal structures, motor innervation of the muscles that act on the spine, and the innervation of nerve roots from each segment.

Sensory innervation of the structures of the cervical spine (20-21):

: IV disc innervated in the outer 1/2 to 1/3 by the 

recurrent meningeal (sinuvertebral) nerve

 with contributions from branches of the ventral rami and branches from the gray rami communicantes.

 arises directly from the segmental mixed spinal nerve before it splits into ventral and dorsal rami. It travels medially toward the intervertebral foramen sending branches to spinal structures both inside and outside the 

Outside the vertebral canal, branches of the recurrent meningeal nerve supply the periosteum covering the anterolateral vertebral body, IV disc (surface and annulus fibrosis), and anterior longitudinal ligament.

Inside the vertebral canal, they supply the periosteum covering the posterior vertebral body, pedicle, and lamina, as well as the annulus and posterior surface of the IV disc, the posterior longitudinal ligament, the ligamentum flavum, the dura mater covering the spinal cord, and the blood vessels in the vertebral canal.

The nerve roots associated with the cervical spine

Motor innervation of the muscles that act on the cervical spine (1, 2, 5)

Spinal Nerves

The large osteokinematic motions of the spine are the result of small motions of multiple vertebrae/segments. Each segment is comprised of 3 joints: two facet joints and one intervertebral joint (as discussed above). Motion must occur at all 3 joints for the motion of the segment to occur. Motion of the spine can be thought of as the sum of moving segments, each with 3 moving joints.

All regions of the spine have the freedom to move in all planes - flexion and extension in the sagittal plane, right/left lateral flexion in the frontal plane, and right/left rotation in the transverse plane. These movements are described as the motion of the superior vertebra on the inferior vertebra, with the axis through the IV disc or vertebral body. Right and left rotation is labeled by the direction that the anterior surface of the superior vertebral body faces (not the direction the spinous process moves). While all motions are available at all segments of the spine, the quantity of motion varies by region (22), likely as a result of functional demands. Some of the anatomical variations that influence what motion is available to include facet joint orientation (horizontal vs. vertical), disc size, local muscle attachments, extensibility, and bony attachments articulations (1, pg. 339). The cervical region of the spine has the largest range of motion, in all directions, of all spine segments.

The concept of "coupled motion" describes a relationship between a motion in one plane (joint action) resulting in a necessary but smaller amount of motion (joint action) in another plane (23). This phenomenon is unique to the spine, and may be necessary for the analysis of lateral flexion and rotation, but is not necessary for flexion and extension. For example, when the middle and lower cervical segments laterally flex to the right, a small amount of rotation to the right also occurs (23, 24). Many factors have been hypothesized to contribute to coupled motion including facet joint alignment, muscle activity, posture, and normal lordotic and kyphotic curves of the spine (1, pg. 344). There is limited consensus on what is considered optimal or normal coupled motion; however, the most consensus likely exists for the middle to lower cervical spine (23, 24). When rotation of C2-C7 segments occurs, it is accompanied by slight lateral flexion to the same side. The inverse is also true; when lateral flexion occurs, it is accompanied by slight rotation to the same side. Some evidence exists that implies the coupled motion of the upper cervical segments (C0-C1 and C1-C2) occur in opposite directions: rotation results in contralateral flexion (24); however, some authors disagree (23).

It has been challenging for researchers to establish exact quantities of spinal motion for each direction. There are multiple methods of measuring spinal motion ranging from universal goniometers, to tape measures, to inclinometers to computerized motion analysis systems; each approach provides different values and has different strengths and weaknesses (25). Further, the quantity of spinal motion can differ based on age, gender, body type, and/or pathology (1 pg. 344, 26). Note, because of these potentially confounding variables, some sources may report different amounts of motion for the cervical spine than those listed in this article.

The range of motion values reported below are drawn from David Neumann's 

Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Third Edition

 (1, pg. 347). This source was selected because it synthesized information from multiple research studies to provide an understanding of both the total range of motion in a given direction, as well as a breakdown of how this motion is distributed over the different segments within the cervical spine.

Flexion and extension of cervical spine

Flexors: bilateral contraction of the sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, 

longus capitis, longus colli, rectus capitis anterior, and rectus capitis lateralis

Limited by: ligaments (tectorial membrane, supraspinous, ligamentum nuchae, interspinous, ligamentum flavum, posterior longitudinal ligament), facet joint capsule, posterior annulus fibrosus of the disc, muscles (

, splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, 

, rotatores, interspinales, intertransversarii, rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliques capitis superior, obliques capititis inferior)

Optimal Range of Motion (ROM) of the cervical spine: 45-50 degrees 

, splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidius, rotatores, interspinales, intertransversarii, rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliques capitis superior, obliques capitis inferior

Limited by: ligaments (anterior longitudinal ligament), facet joint capsule, posterior fibers of the annulus fibrosus of the disc, approximation of facet joints and spinous processes, muscles (sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, 

longus capitis, longus colli, rectus capitis anterior, and rectus capitis lateralis)

Optimal Range of Motion (ROM) of the cervical spine: 75-80 degrees 

Lateral Flexors: all ipsilateral musculature located (sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, 

longus capitis, longus colli, rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis,

, splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidius, rotatores, intertransversarii, rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliques capitis superior)

Limited by: ligaments (contralateral intertransverse), contralateral facet joint capsule, contralateral annulus fibrosis of disc, contralateral lateral flexor muscles

Optimal Range of Motion (ROM) of the cervical spine: 35-40 degrees 

Contralateral: sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, 

, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidius, rotatores, rectus capitis posterior major, obliques capitis inferior

Limited by: alar ligaments (C0/C1 and C1/C2), facet joint capsule, annulus fibrosus of the disc, contralateral and ipsilateral rotators

Optimal Range of Motion (ROM) of the region per direction: 65-75 degrees 

The lateral flexors of the cervical spine located in the neck

Cervical Spine Lateral Flexors - By Olek Remesz (wiki-pl: Orem, commons: Orem) - Own work, based on this picture from Gray's Anatomy., CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2339732

Cervical Spine Anatomy

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Course Description: Cervical Spine Anatomy

Study Guide: Cervical Spine Anatomy

Introduction to Cervical Spine Anatomy
3 Sub Sections

Spinal Nerves

Cervical Spine Joint Actions
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Postural Dysfunction and the Cervical Spine
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Cervical Spine Anatomy

Related Courses:

Course Description: Cervical Spine Anatomy

Study Guide: Cervical Spine Anatomy

Introduction to Cervical Spine Anatomy3 Sub Sections

Spinal Nerves

Cervical Spine Joint Actions2 Sub Sections

Postural Dysfunction and the Cervical Spine1 Sub Section

Videos7 Sub Sections

Bibliography

Related Courses:

Comments

Guest

Introduction to Cervical Spine Anatomy
3 Sub Sections

Cervical Spine Joint Actions
2 Sub Sections

Postural Dysfunction and the Cervical Spine
1 Sub Section

Videos
7 Sub Sections