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Functional Roles of Muscles: Video #25 of Introduction to Functional Anatomy
Functional Roles of Muscles: Video #25 of Introduction to Functional Anatomy, provides a comprehensive overview of how human muscles interact to create complex movements. Through detailed explanations and informative examples, viewers will learn key concepts related to muscle performance, such as muscle activation, muscle synergy, muscle coordination and stimulus contraction. Additionally, this video will explore how the fascia plays an important role in the overall functioning of muscles, and will discuss the importance of posture in relation to maintaining healthy muscle
Transcript
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Muscles are not always the prime mover.
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Sometimes, they got some other stuff they
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do. So what is the prime mover? What is the definition of prime mover? I'm glad
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that you can read the first sentence up there.
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What did you guys know as the prime mover? The idea ... I can write definitions
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all day, the idea is that you guys understand it for yourselves. What would
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you call the prime mover; you can use your own words, you don't need to use
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technical terms...the main thing...
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by "main," what do you mean? The muscle that does what?
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Okay so the muscle that can produce the most force for that
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particular joint action. For the most part that's, that's right.
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That's important to think about because it's like how do you
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decide which is the prime mover? Well, generally speaking, it's probably going
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to be the, if it's the muscle that produces the most force, it's also going to
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be the muscle that's the largest, for the most part. it is. It is the muscle that is
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largest. Sometimes it's the muscle that has the best angle. You guys get what I'm
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saying? That's most well aligned to produce that joint action.
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Sometimes the term agonist is used, have you guys ever heard that? The reason I
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don't like agonist is because some people use that term as prime mover and
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then some people use, "well technically an agonist is anything that will do the
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thing you want, right. So it could be all of the muscles that cause flexion like
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the graphs that we're doing. Rather than the one that is able to produce the most
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force for flexion. (So we should not worry about agonist as a terminology?)
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No, you should know it. in the back of your head.
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I'm just telling you I'm going to use prime mover so that we are clear. (So prime mover,
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single muscle, agonist of course could be lots of muscles) Agonists, if you look, if you
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technically think about what agonist means, it could mean all. What I'm telling
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you guys is a lot of people will use the term agonist to mean prime mover. A lot of
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people use those two synonymously. I don't think the word agonist is very
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clear. I'm not going to use it. I'm going to use prime mover. Prime mover - muscle most
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responsible or the muscle that produces the most force for the joint
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action we're looking at, under load. Synergists. What is synergy? (Working together.)
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Working together. So a synergist, you ready for this, is all the muscles
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that help the prime mover, or you could think about it this way, they're all the
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muscles that produce the joint action we're looking at, that aren't what? The
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prime mover. That's it. That's it.
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This isn't a memorization thing, remember this whole course is built around you
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guys not doing what?
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Rote memorization. I want you guys to understand. Antagonists. If I
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antagonize you what am I doing?
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Yeah, trying to resist you in some way, right? Antagonists are all the muscles
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that oppose the prime mover and synergists. Considering this in a, "How are
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we going to figure this out?" sort of way, antagonists are going to be all the
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muscles to do what? The opposing joint action. Antagonists. You with me? So we got
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the prime mover- the muscle that can produce the most force, we got the
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synergists- all of the other muscles that produce that joint action, the
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antagonists- all of the muscles that produce the opposite joint action.
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Now we get tricky.
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Neutralizers. A neutralizer- a muscle that opposes the unwanted joint motions is
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created by the prime mover and/or synergists and/or muscles that prevent
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the ancillary motion, unwanted ancillary motion in a movement.
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That doesn't make a whole lot of sense yet right?
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Okay, so let me give you an example. If i do hip extension, right, who's my primary
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muscle for hip extension? The glute max. The glute max does extension though and
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external rotation. But I don't want external rotation.
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I don't want to run like this right, like with my feet flipping out.
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So how do I prevent the external rotation? I have to have my internal
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rotators tone up a little bit so that they keep my legs straight.
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That's a neutralizer. It's when a certain joint motion is paired with some
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ancillary motion we don't want, we need those other muscles to come in and keep
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us in a straight line. For today's class, the only part of that definition we're
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going to worry about is the ancillary motion of the prime mover. We're going to
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neutralize that. So going back to the...hip
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extension example, forget everything else that's going at the hip, today we're
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going to say neutralizers are the muscles that will oppose the extra
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motion of the prime mover. You guys with me on this?
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The extra motion yeah, not the main motion.
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Yeah. So, yeah exactly. So if I'm doing hip extension and I want my glute max
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to fire,
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it's going to produce extension and external rotation. We're not opposing extension.
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That's fine, you're right that would be the antagonists, but that external
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rotation, we don't want. And remember, all your glute max knows how to do is fire.
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It doesn't know how to separate between extension and external rotation. What's
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going to control that is some neutralizers coming in to keep me in a straight line.
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Stabilizers. I should warn you with this definition. My definitions
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are not going to be the same as the definitions in every textbook, partly
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because the definitions in every textbook vary wildly when you get to
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these more complicated terms. Also partly because I like to teach in a conceptual
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way. I want you guys to be able to figure this stuff out for yourselves.
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I've had to either scale down or modify definitions to make sure that they stay
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clear and conceptual and separate from each other.
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Stabilizers, in my book, are muscles that basically, more or less, control that
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arthrokinematic motion. They're muscles that are closer to the joint whose main
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purpose is that stabilization function. But the proximal stabilization function
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of a joint. So who are my stabilizers always going to be for any shoulder
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motion? Rotator cuff. You guys get me there?
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Fixators. Fixators are muscles that help lock down the proximal joint, not the one
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we're working, but the other one. You guys get what I'm saying?
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Lock that one down so that I only get motion and force production where I
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intended. Easy example for you guys, if I'm doing hip extension, what joints need
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to be locked down?
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Sure, you could be right, too, if I was doing something like a deadlift, sure, I
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might need to stabilize my knee.
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You're not wrong, but you guys get what I'm saying there? So if I need to work
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my hip,
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I need to fixate this. Who would my stabilizers for my hip be? Deep rotators.
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Remember that? Remember those deep, deep, deep muscles.
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In a wider definition of, this is where... so that's a great it's a
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great example guys, that's a great example of where definitions have a
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tendency to do this. I said this is a fixator, the deep rotators of the hip are
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stabilizers for the hip and then I said "What stabilizes?" and he said "Glute medius."
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And yesterday I said that the glute medius was the primary frontal plane
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stabilization mechanism of the pelvis.
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Yes, they're both correct. The gluteus medius has a very important
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stabilization function as many muscles do. When you're breaking down stuff for
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this, for specific joint actions, stabilizers are the muscles that do what?
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Just work on those very small motions that keep the joint moving the way it's
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supposed to.
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You guys with me? Not that the gluteus medius doesn't help stabilize the pelvis in a
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larger, more global picture of what we're looking at. So easy to confuse fixator
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and stabilizer that I guarantee those two terms will never be defined the same
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way in two text books. (Are fixators usually like small, refined muscle) No, no. If I was working my
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shoulder,
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what would I need to fixate to be able to move my arm well? My scapula. So all
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of the muscles of my scapula become fixators. The stabilizer would be at the
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shoulder which would be my? My rotator cuff. You guys kind of seeing how this is
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going. All you're doing is is starting to understand how everything works
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together. I'm not saying you won't find other definitions in other textbooks but for
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the assignment we're about to do, I think you'll find these definitions useful.
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All right so let's do shoulder horizontal adduction.
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Let's see if we can figure this out. You want to do the first one together.
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Yes.
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No I will not think for you. Well look, if you want to pay me my salary to
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follow you around and help you with your clients, we can work something out.
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Or I could just take your test for you? I think that's cheating.
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I think there's a problem with that academically, but I could be wrong. If you
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find out that I'm wrong, you let me know. Okay. Get back to me.
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So let's do shoulder horizontal adduction, what movement are we
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talking about? So what, what exercise am I talking about? Benchpress, flyes
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pushups, you guys can think whatever you want we're doing shoulder.
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We're just looking here though, not here, just here, in a bench press.
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Cool, all right. Prime mover - almost wrote agonist. Spent so much time talking about
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agonist, almost wrote it down.
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Actually that's not gonna work, let's do this.
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Prime mover, who's the prime mover? Pectoralis major.
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Synergists. (Anterior delt) Antagonists. There could be if there was more than one, it's not for this case.
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Right. You're going to see in some of our other graphs, there's a lot of muscles
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per category. Posterior delt. There's a reason I picked this graph to start with.
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Some of these graphs get very complicated.
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Who's next? Neutralizers. Neutralizers so we got to go back up to pec major and
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think, "all right,
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my pectoralis major does more than just horizontal adduction, what else does it
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want to do? Probably internally rotate. It actually does a few things, but we'll
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stick with internal rotation because that's a big one. The last thing I want to do
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is take up a heavy bench press and internally rotate. I'm guessing that's
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dangerous, guessing that's a dangerous thing to do.
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So who would I used to neutralize internal rotation? Which ones? Specific.
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The external rotators. So it externally rotates very nice, it is
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infraspinatus, teres minor
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One more. Muscles can be in two different categories. Posterior delt.
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Stabilizers. What stabilizers for the shoulder? Would be rotator cuff.
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Yes so would be ... I'm just going to write down infraspinatus and teres
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minor since we already went there. Who are the other two? Subscapularis and
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supraspinatus.
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Fixators. Who my fixators? Muscles that's that stabilize the scapula. I have five
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muscles that cross my axial-scapular joint, you guys remember what they were?
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Rhomboids, trapezius, levator scapulae
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...no, just muscles that move the scapulae, you remember? You guys have
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totally forgotten your protractors. Pec minor...and...thank you.
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Serratus anterior. Serratus anterior may be the most important stabilizer of
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the scapula. Kind of interesting to think that all that's working during shoulder
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horizontal adduction.
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How'd you guys do? Horrible. (laughs)
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All right that's what we just did. All right, scapular protraction. Hit it!
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I got to go back into superstar status, we got to get this next one up right you, guys ready?
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All right I can go on rants for forever about stuff but we have to get this done.
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This was a little tougher, right? Scapular protraction leads to a lot of really
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confusing little relationships, but if you put a little thought into it,
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you'll figure it out. Scapular protraction. Who is my primary scapular protractor?
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Serratus anterior. Yeah, that one's a little stronger. Serratus, I think. Honestly guys
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I'm not really worried about your... the way you say it. I'll correct you if I think
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something will get you embarrassed in your clinic. I would never correct you.
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Neutral... if you said neutralizers I'd have to go ahead and, and say something
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that sounds a little bit like neutral lizard and I don't know what a neutral
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lizard is. Synergists. Pec minor. Remember we're talking about
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protraction, so these muscles have to cross from axial, the ribcage, to the
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scapula, or the spine of the scapula. Antagonists are going to be all the
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muscles that do what? Retraction.
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So what are retractors? Rhomboids, mid-traps.
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Neutralizers. Well, what are we trying to neutralize the radius anterior does...
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protraction and upward rotation. That's a good one too,
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it does, you're not you're not wrong, it does posterior tipping, so we could say
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we need to neutralize posterior tipping. But we're going to say neutralize the
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upward rotation force which means I need to find all the...all the muscles
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that do downward rotation. What is downward rotators? Levator scapulae,
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rhomboids.
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Man, evidently I didn't teach this muscle very well yesterday, pectoralis minor.
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Stabilizers. This is a tough one with this one. This is a really tough one.
00:20:0000:20:07
Yeah, I mean there's a lot of ways to think about this one. Serratus
00:20:0700:20:15
anterior is actually probably considered the primary stabilizer for your... for your
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scapula but it's also our prime mover. If you didn't put anything down.
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that's okay. If you want to say lower traps you want to say serratus anterior, I
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wouldn't be mad at you either, because those two muscles are almost always
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under active individuals and usually need a little bit of work. So we can, we
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can say that serratus anterior. Oh you're not being given charity don't worry
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about it. (student speaking) Depends on what we're talking about, right?
00:20:5600:21:00
What if we were talking about external rotation of the shoulder? Would your
00:21:0000:21:08
stabilizers become your prime movers? Fixators, what am I trying to fixate?
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(Wouldn't levator be a stabilizer?) It could be it could be, it
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honestly, this term doesn't work real well for this graph and that
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happens. It's okay. This is a mental exercise, the fact that it's getting you
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thinking is good. Fixators. What is going to need to be stable and functioning well
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for your scapula to move well. Your spine and trunk.
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Usually we move proximally, okay, yeah.
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In order for your scapulae to move well, all this has to be nice, right, it has to be a
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nice cylinder. So now all of our fixators are what? All our core muscles. Should we
00:21:5500:22:03
try to list them all? Well yeah I mean we could say that too, you're right,
00:22:0300:22:06
depending on what motion we're talking about, it could go all the way down to my
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toes, but let's start with core. Let's just start with the trunk muscles, right.
00:22:1100:22:17
So we said transverse abdominis and with your transverse abdominis we could talk
00:22:1700:22:24
about something called your intrinsic stabilization subsystem. Stay with me
00:22:2400:22:41
here, guys. You're ISS, all right so your intrinsic stabilization subsystem.
00:22:4800:23:02
Your intrinsic stabilization subsystem is made up of your TVA, multifidus,
00:23:0200:23:23
diaphragm and pelvic floor. We then can add the more superficial movers on top of
00:23:2300:23:32
that right. Which are going to be my rectus abdominis, let's say obliques,
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since we know both are included.
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What else?
00:23:4400:23:58
Starts with an E... erector spinae Starts with a Q... quadratus lumborum
00:23:5800:24:02
It is deep, but it's still part of our core so it's, and it's one of the bigger
00:24:0200:24:08
movers. How did we do? Am I missing anything?
00:24:0900:24:19
I think we're okay. I just wrote obliques -internal and external. Good.
00:24:2300:24:29
Oh I guess we could throw the lats up there, but that's going to get a little
00:24:2900:24:34
tricky because the lats also connect into the shoulder and how does it affect
00:24:3400:24:40
the scapula? Guys these are the... this is what I'm setting you up for, is
00:24:4000:24:43
the never-ending mental game that you can play with yourself.
00:24:4300:24:47
All right so let's go ahead into hip extension.
00:24:4700:24:57
All right, guys let's do hip extension. Gluteus maximus, done. All right, hip
00:24:5700:25:04
extension prime mover - glute max. Everybody's favorite muscle, now let's go
00:25:0400:25:16
for the synergists though. Biceps femoris, the long head, good. Getting a little bit
00:25:1600:25:21
more specific, right. The short head only goes up to about halfway up on the femur.
00:25:2100:25:23
Doesn't actually cross the hip.
00:25:2300:25:30
What else? So biceps femoris long head semi's and
00:25:3400:25:53
posterior adductor magnus. There is no such thing as abductors for
00:25:5300:25:58
muscles. There are muscles that abduct, there are adductors.
00:25:5800:26:09
Just realize if you do you're just referring to several muscles. Antagonists.
00:26:0900:26:23
Who are my antagonists? All the muscles that do hip flexion so iliacus, psoas... psoas,
00:26:2300:26:27
rectus femoris. Keep going.
00:26:2900:26:32
TFL.
00:26:3500:26:40
Gluteus minimus, nice. (Sartorius) Nice.
00:26:4300:26:52
PBLMG anterior adductors, right? Pectineus, brevis, longus, magnus
00:26:5200:26:58
gracilis. Anterior adductor magnus on that one. Neutralizers. What are we trying to
00:26:5800:27:02
neutralize? So we're trying to do,
00:27:0200:27:06
we're trying to get some internal rotation activity because my glute max
00:27:0600:27:10
wants to do extension and external rotation.
00:27:1000:27:21
All right so who are my internal rotators? TFL, definitely. The glute min,
00:27:2100:27:32
and...anterior fibers of glute medius, if you want to write it down.
00:27:3300:27:37
Although we've also talked about how the posterior fibers of gluteus medius
00:27:3700:27:42
externally rotate and are usually ones that become under active and the
00:27:4200:27:45
ones that I was talking about yesterday that we need to work, work, work, work, work.
00:27:4600:28:01
TFL, glute min. (Student question. Those are which type of rotators.) All of my adductors. We're
00:28:0100:28:04
missing some.
00:28:0800:28:16
We already have it up there too.
00:28:1600:28:19
It's up there in a different category, it's going to be in this category too.
00:28:2800:28:38
Nice job. Semi's. Stabilizers. Already kind of mentioned this, these are the ones
00:28:3800:28:44
that are close to the joint who are going to help us keep, yeah, the deep rotators of
00:28:4400:29:02
the hip. (Student question) They are, but they're also, they're stabilizers of the hip. Fixators.
00:29:0200:29:12
Who do we need to fixate? (Oppostite hip) That's an interesting idea.
00:29:1300:29:18
So if I needed to kick a ball, would I have to fixate the side? Potentially.
00:29:1800:29:21
Potentially. If I'm just walking though, who needs to stay pretty stable or if
00:29:2100:29:30
I'm running. Core. Should we write down all of them again. I'll let you get away
00:29:3000:29:32
with core this time.
00:29:3200:29:36
Okay, let's do it. Okay, you said it.
00:29:3700:29:40
All right so, let's go. Intrinsic stabilization subsystem what are those guys?
00:29:4200:29:52
TVA, multifidus, diaphragm,
00:29:5600:30:04
pelvic floor. Keep going. Now we're onto our global stabilizers - obliques.
00:30:0400:30:08
Okay, keep going. Rectus abdominis, keep going.
00:30:0900:30:19
Erector spinae, keep going. One more. QL. Nice job, guys. That was quick too.
00:30:1900:30:27
All right, I think we got one more joint action. Hip abduction, let's hit it, and
00:30:2700:30:31
then you guys will be back to me talking for a little while until we get to lunch.
00:30:3100:30:46
Which movement am I looking at? Abduction. Okay, good. Prime mover? Gluteus medius,
00:30:4600:30:56
for sure. Synergists. Gluteus minimus and TFL.
00:31:0200:31:14
Antagonists. Adductors, nice job. That was kind of easy on this one. Adductors,
00:31:1400:31:14
right.
00:31:1400:31:20
What's my acronym for adductors? And since this is the last, since this is the last
00:31:2000:31:23
one "Peanut Butter Leaves Me Greasy" this is the last time we're going to write
00:31:2300:31:25
the adductors up on the board,
00:31:2500:31:28
I think for this two-day workshop,
00:31:2900:31:34
let's break them out. So what are all my adductors, ready? Pectineus, that's the "P."
00:31:3400:31:48
Peanut butter... brevis. Leaves...longus. peanut butter leaves... longus. Peanut butter
00:31:4800:32:00
leaves me....magnus. Greasy, peanut butter leaves me greasy... gracilis. And then we
00:32:0000:32:05
can put post adductor here, since for most of the weekend we've been considering
00:32:0500:32:12
"Peanut Butter Leaves Me Greasy' as the anterior adductors and kind of the
00:32:1200:32:16
posterior head of the adductor magnus separately. Neutralizers. (Student question)
00:32:2600:32:36
Yep, this is definitely one of those graphs where one of our terms starts
00:32:3600:32:38
looking a little funny right.
00:32:3800:32:42
Yeah because we have posterior and anterior fibers of the gluteus medius, I
00:32:4200:32:45
mentioned that a couple times, some internally rotate, some externally rotate.
00:32:4500:32:51
We do have two internal rotators as synergists, right. So the TfL and the
00:32:5100:32:57
gluteus minimus are both synergists and both strong internal rotators for the
00:32:5700:33:04
hip. Usually what happens is we get internally rotated bias, right. People
00:33:0400:33:11
tend to do this, that knees cave-in and internally rotate. So if I'm just
00:33:1100:33:18
going to kind of think through logically, maybe a little beyond this assignment, we
00:33:1800:33:20
look at neutralizers and we go,
00:33:2000:33:26
"Why, what way am I neutralizing?" and then I would think to myself, well with this
00:33:2600:33:32
much of a bias towards internal rotation, I might go, "I need more external rotation
00:33:3200:33:44
force." Right so we could do glute max, biceps femoris, TFL is an internal
00:33:4400:33:51
rotator. What about my piriformis and the deep rotators right?
00:34:0100:34:18
Oh haha, nice job. Psoas and iliacus too. Both external rotators of the hip. Could even
00:34:1800:34:22
put down adductor magnus, if you really wanted to.
00:34:2200:34:29
Yeah nice job. Nice job thinking through that.
00:34:2900:34:35
Stabilizers. Yes, so this is going to be deep rotators of the hip again and then what my fixators
00:34:3500:34:45
going to be? Your core, just like the last graph we did. Yeah, so all I did is
00:34:4500:34:50
the intrinsic stabilization subsystem is those intrinsic muscles that have more
00:34:5000:34:54
of a role in stabilization than they do in movement and then all of the other
00:34:5400:34:58
muscles that cross the lumbar spine. Which are, we could look at as global
00:34:5800:35:01
movers or global stabilizers of the trunk.
00:35:0100:35:08
Nice job guys.
00:35:0800:35:13
You did a good job with this, these activities. These graphs aren't easy. Now
00:35:1300:35:22
if you like doing these graphs, your 20 minutes a day, I wrote down one of these
00:35:2200:35:29
graphs for every joint action for every major joint and it's up on the website.
00:35:2900:35:36
I'm talking all of the joint actions for the shoulder, the elbow, the scapula, the
00:35:3600:35:42
hip, the knee and ankle. It's under kinesiology. It says kinesiology of the
00:35:4200:35:49
hip, kinesiology of the ankle, kinesiology the shoulder. B2C fitness is the old name
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