Posterior Oblique Subsystem (POS)
The posterior oblique subsystem (POS) is comprised of the latissimus dorsi, thoracolumbar fascia (superficial posterior layer), gluteus maximus, and potentially the gluteus medius, lower trapezius, and serratus posterior inferior.
Test Critical Content
Mark As Complete
Course Description: Posterior Oblique Subsystem
This course describes the posterior oblique subsystem (POS), a concept originally proposed by Vleeming et al. (1). However, similar concepts have also been proposed, including the posterior oblique sling, posterior oblique myofascial synergy, and is similar to the concepts of myofascial lines, myofascial trains, anatomy trains, myofascial meridians, functional line, spiral line, and the serape effect.
The Posterior Oblique Subsystem (POS) is comprised of:
- Latissimus Dorsi
- Thoracolumbar Fascia (Superficial Posterior Layer)
- Gluteus Maximus
- Potentially
- Gluteus Medius (via the gluteal fascia)
- Lower Trapezius
- Serratus Posterior Inferior
- Potentially
Function (Brief):
- Concentric Function: Pulling, rotation "outward," and multi-segmental extension with less reliance on lumbar extension.
- Isometric Function: Transfer force between lower and upper extremities, and stabilization of the SIJ, lumbar spine, and hips
- Eccentric Function: Decelerate spine flexion and rotation, as well as hip flexion, adduction, and internal rotation
Common Maladaptive Behavior
- Under-active
Practical Application
- Core
- Integrated Exercise
The concepts and techniques described in this course may be particularly beneficial for neuromuscular re-education, coordination, motor pattern integration, whole-body strength, functional strength, and sports performance. Sports medicine professionals (personal trainers, fitness instructors, physical therapists, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, athletic trainers, etc.) should consider adding these exercises to their repertoire to improve the outcomes of their integrated exercise programs, sports performance programs, and therapeutic (rehabilitation) interventions.
Pre-approved credits for:
Pre-approved for Continuing Education Credits for:
- Athletic Trainers
- Chiropractors
- Group Exercise Instructors
- Massage Therapists
- Occupational Therapists - Intermediate
- Personal Trainers
- Physical Therapists
- Physical Therapy Assistants
- Yoga Instructors
This Course Includes:
- AI Tutor
- Study Guide
- Text and Illustrations
- Research Review
- Technique Videos
- Sample Routine
- Practice Exam
- Pre-approved Final Exam
Additional Subsystem Courses
- Intrinsic Stabilization Subsystem (ISS)
- Anterior Oblique Subsystem (AOS)
- Deep Longitudinal Subsystem (DLS)

Course Study Guide: Posterior Oblique Subsystem Integration
Lecture: Review of Core Subsystems
Introduction: Posterior Oblique Subsystem Integration
Research Corner 4 Sub Sections
Summary of Research Findings
Practical Application3 Sub Sections
Videos6 Sub Sections
Sample Program: Lower Extremity Dysfunction
Bibliography
- Andry Vleeming, Vert Mooney, Rob Stoeckart. Movement, Stability & Lumbopelvic Pain: Integration of Research and Therapy. (c) 2007 Elsevier Limited
- Willard, F.H., Vleeming, A., Schuenke, M.D., Danneels, L., Schleip, R. The thoracolumbar fascia: anatomy, function and clinical considerations. Journal of Anatomy, 2012. 221, 507-536.
- Bogduk, N., & Macintosh, J. E. (1984). The applied anatomy of the thoracolumbar fascia. Spine , 9 (2), 164-170.
- Bogduk, N., and Lance T. Twomey. “Clincical anatomy of lumbar spine.” (1987).
- Bogduk, N. (2005). Clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and sacrum . Elsevier Health Sciences.
- Willard, F. H. (1997). The muscular, ligamentous, and neural structure of the low back and its relation to back pain. Movement, Stability, and Low Back Pain .
- Barker, P. J., & Briggs, C. A. (2007). Anatomy and biomechanics of the lumbar fasciae: implications for lumbopelvic control and clinical practice. In Movement, Stability & Lumbopelvic Pain (Second Edition) (pp. 63-73).
- DeRosa, C., & Porterfield, J. A. (2007). Anatomical linkages and muscle slings of the lumbopelvic region. In Movement, Stability & Lumbopelvic Pain . Elsevier Ltd.
- Barker, P. J., & Briggs, C. A. (1999). Attachments of the posterior layer of lumbar fascia. Spine , 24 (17), 1757.
- Vleeming, A., Pool-Goudzwaard, A. L., Stoeckart, R., van Wingerden, J. P., & Snijders, C. J. (1995). The Posterior Layer of the Thoracolumbar Fascia| Its Function in Load Transfer From Spine to Legs. Spine , 20 (7), 753-758.
- Vleeming, A., van Wingerden, J.P., Buyruk, H.M., Raissadat, K. Stabilization of the sacroiliac joint in vivo: verification of muscular contribution to force closure of the pelvis. European Spine Journal, 2004. 13: 199-205
- Hodges, P. W., & Richardson, C. A. (1997). Relationship between limb movement speed and associated contraction of the trunk muscles. Ergonomics , 40 (11), 1220-1230.
- Hodges, P. W., & Moseley, G. L. (2003). Pain and motor control of the lumbopelvic region: effect and possible mechanisms. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology , 13 (4), 361-370.
- Gracovetsky, S. (1990). Musculoskeletal function of the spine. Multiple Muscle Systems: Biomechanics and Movement Organization , 410-437.
- Kumar, S., Narayan, Y., & Zedka, M. (1996). An electromyographic study of unresisted trunk rotation with normal velocity among healthy subjects. Spine , 21 (13), 1500-1512.
- Fairbanks, J. C. T., & OBrien, J. P. (1980, May). The Abdominal Cavity and Thoracolumbar Fascia as Stabilizers of the Lumbar Spine in Patients with Low Back Pain. The Institute of Mechanical Engineers. In Conference on Engineering Aspects of the Spine. Westminster, London .
- Vleeming, A., Volkers, A. C. W., Snijders, C. J., & Stoeckart, R. (1990). Relation Between Form and Function in the Sacroiliac Joint: Part I: Clinical Anatomical Aspects. Spine , 15 (2), 133-136.
- Vleeming, A., Volkers, A. C. W., Snijders, C. J., & Stoeckart, R. (1990). Relation Between Form and Function in the Sacroiliac Joint: Part II: Biomechanical Aspects. Spine , 15 (2), 133-136.
- Crisco, J. J., Panjabi, M. M., Yamamoto, I., & Oxland, T. R. (1992). Euler stability of the human ligamentous lumbar spine. Part II: Experiment. Clinical biomechanics , 7 (1), 27-32.
- Gracovetsky, S., Farfan, H. F., & Lamy, C. (1981). The mechanism of the lumbar spine. Spine , 6 (3), 249-262.
- Gracovetsky, S., Farfan, H., & Helleur, C. (1985). The abdominal mechanism. Spine , 10 (4), 317-324.
- Macintosh, J. E., Bogduk, N., & Gracovetsky, S. (1987). The biomechanics of the thoracolumbar fascia. Clinical biomechanics , 2 (2), 78-83.
- McGill, S. M., & Norman, R. W. (1988). Potential of lumbodorsal fascia forces to generate back extension moments during squat lifts. Journal of biomedical engineering , 10 (4), 312-318.
- Gluteus Medius and Maximus and Motor Behavior
- Kim, T., Yoo, W., An, D., Oh, J., Shin, S. (2013). The effects of different gait speeds and lower arm weight on the activities of the latissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, and gluteus maximus. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 25:11 1483-1484
- Stevens, V.K., Vleeming, A., Bouche, KG., Mahieu, N.N., Vanderstraeten, G.G., Danneels, L.A. Electromyograhpic activity of trunk and hip muscles during stabilization exercises in four-point kneeling in healthy volunteers. European Spine Journal, 2007. 16: 711-718.
- Barker, PJ., Hapuarachchi, K.S., Ross, J.A., Sambaiew, E., Ranger, T.A., and Briggs, C.A. (2013) Anatomy and biomechanics of gluteus maximus and the thoracolumbar fascia at the sacroiliac joint .
- Gibbons, S.G.T. (2004) The anatomy of the deep sacral part of the gluteus maximus and the psoas muscle: A clinical perspective. Proceeds of: The 5th Interdiciplinary World Congress on Low Back Pain. November 7-11, Melbourne, Australia.
- Franettovich, S. M., Honeywill, C. O. N. O. R., Wyndow, N., Crossley, K. M., & Creaby, M. W. (2014). Neuromotor control of gluteal muscles in runners with achilles tendinopathy. Medicine and science in sports and exercise , 46 (3), 594-599.
- Noehren, B., Scholz, J., Davis, I. (2011) The effects of real-time gait retraining on hip kinematics, pain, and function in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Br Journal of Sports Medicine. 45:691-696
- Ireland, ML ., Wilson, JD., Ballantyne, BT., Davis, IM. (2003). Hip Strength in Females With and Without Patellofemoral Pain . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2003. 33: 671-676
- Hungerford, B., Gilleard, W., Hodges, P. (2003) Evidence of altered lumbopelvic muscle recruitment in the presence of sacroiliac joint pain. Spine 28(14), 1593-1600
- Grimaldi, A., Richardson, C., Stanton, W., Durbridge, G., Donnelly, W., & Hides, J. (2009). The association between degenerative hip joint pathology and size of the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and piriformis muscles. Manual therapy , 14 (6), 605-610.
- Cooper, N., Scavo, K., Strickland, K., Tipayamongkol, N., Nicholson, J., Bewyer, D., Sluka, K. Prevalence of gluteus medius weakness in people with chronic low back pain compared to healthy controls. J Euro Spine. 26 May 2015
- Padua, D. A., Bell, D. R., & Clark, M. A. (2012). Neuromuscular characteristics of individuals displaying excessive medial knee displacement. Journal of athletic training , 47 (5), 525.
- Mauntel, T., Begalle, R., Cram, T., Frank, B., Hirth, C., Blackburn, T., & Padua, D. (2013). The effects of lower extremity muscle activation and passive range of motion on single leg squat performance. Journal Of Strength And Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association , 27 (7), 1813-1823
- Smith, J. A., Popovich, J. M., & Kulig, K. (2014). The influence of hip strength on lower limb, pelvis, and trunk kinematics and coordination patterns during walking and hopping in healthy women. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy , (Early Access), 1-23.
- Tateuchi, H., Taniguchi, M., Mori, N., Ichihashi, N. Balance of hip and trunk muscle activity is associated with increased anterior pelvic tilt during prone hip extension (2013) Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 22 (3). 391-397
- Teng, H. and Powers, C. (2016) Hip Extensor Strength, Trunk Posture , and Use of the Knee-Extensor Muscles During Running. Journal of Athletic Training , 51(8), 000-000.
- Bell, D. R., Padua, D. A., & Clark, M. A. (2008). Muscle strength and flexibility characteristics of people displaying excessive medial knee displacement. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation , 89 (7), 1323-1328.
- Ramskov, D., Barton, C., Nielsen, R. O., & Rasmussen, S. (2015). High Eccentric Hip Abduction Strength Reduces the Risk of Developing Patellofemoral Pain Among Novice Runners Initiating a Self-Structured Running Program: A 1-Year Observational Study. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy , 45 (3), 153-161
- Snyder, K. R., Earl, J. E., O’Connor, K. M., & Ebersole, K. T. (2009). Resistance training is accompanied by increases in hip strength and changes in lower extremity biomechanics during running. Clinical Biomechanics , 24 (1), 26-34
- Vleeming, A., Pool-Goudzwaard, A. L., Stoeckart, R., van Wingerden, J. P., & Snijders, C. J. (1995). The Posterior Layer of the Thoracolumbar Fascia| Its Function in Load Transfer From Spine to Legs. Spine , 20 (7), 753-758.
- Kim, T., Yoo, W., An, D., Oh, J., Shin, S. (2013). The effects of different gait speeds and lower arm weight on the activities of the latissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, and gluteus maximus.
- Latissimus Dorsi
- Bogduk, N., Johnson, G., & Spalding, D. (1998). The morphology and biomechanics of latissimus dorsi. Clinical Biomechanics , 13 (6), 377-385.
- Barker, P. J., Briggs, C. A., & Bogeski, G. (2004). Tensile transmission across the lumbar fasciae in unembalmed cadavers: effects of tension to various muscular attachments. Spine , 29 (2), 129-138.
- Granata, K. P., & Marras, W. S. (1995). Coactivity on Dynamic Spinal Loads. Spine , 20 (8), 913-919.
- McGill, S. M., & Norman, R. W. (1988). Potential of lumbodorsal fascia forces to generate back extension moments during squat lifts. Journal of biomedical engineering , 10 (4), 312-318.
- Vakos, J. P. (1990). EMG activity of selected trunk and hip muscles during a squat lift: effect of varying the lumbar posture (No. AFIT/CI/CIA-90-111). Air Force Inst of Tech Wright-Paterson AFB OH
- Danneels, L. A., Vanderstraeten, G. G., Cambier, D. C., Witvrouw, E. E., Stevens, V. K., & De Cuyper, H. J. (2001). A functional subdivision of hip, abdominal, and back muscles during asymmetric lifting. Spine , 26 (6), E114-E121.
- Carvalhais, VO., Ocarino, Jde M., Araújo, VL., Souza, TR., Silva, PL., Fonseca, ST. (2012). Myofascial force transmission between the latissimus dorsi and gluteus maximus muscles: An in vivo experiment.
- Scovazzo, M.L., Browne, A., Pink, M., Jobe, F.W., and Kerrigan, J. (1991). The painful shoulder during freestyle swimming: An electromyographic cinematographic analysis of twelve muscles. The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 577-582.
- Lower Trapezius
- Ludewig, P. M., & Cook, T. M. (2000). Alterations in shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement. Physical therapy , 80 (3), 276-291 .
- Ballantyne, B. T., O'Hare, S. J., Paschall, J. L., Pavia-Smith, M. M., Pitz, A. M., Gillon, J. F., & Soderberg, G. L. (1993). Electromyographic activity of selected shoulder muscles in commonly used therapeutic exercises. Physical Therapy , 73 (10), 668-677.
- Kwon, J. W., Son, S. M., & Lee, N. K. (2015). Changes in upper-extremity muscle activities due to head position in subjects with a forward head posture and rounded shoulders. Journal of physical therapy science , 27 (6), 1739-1742.
- Weon, J. H., Oh, J. S., Cynn, H. S., Kim, Y. W., Kwon, O. Y., & Yi, C. H. (2010). Influence of forward head posture on scapular upward rotators during isometric shoulder flexion. Journal of Bodywork and movement therapies , 14 (4), 367-374.
- Wegner, S., Jull, G., O’Leary, S., & Johnston, V. (2010). The effect of a scapular postural correction strategy on trapezius activity in patients with neck pain. Manual therapy , 15 (6), 562-566.
- Harvey, R., & Peper, E. (1997). Surface electromyography and mouse use position. Ergonomics , 40 (8), 781-789.
- Smith, M., Sparkes, V., Busse, M., & Enright, S. (2009). Upper and lower trapezius muscle activity in subjects with subacromial impingement symptoms: is there imbalance and can taping change it?. Physical Therapy in Sport , 10 (2), 45-50.
- Cools, A. M., Declercq, G. A., Cambier, D. C., Mahieu, N. N., & Witvrouw, E. E. (2007). Trapezius activity and intramuscular balance during isokinetic exercise in overhead athletes with impingement symptoms. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 17, 25–33.
- Lin, J. J., Wu, Y. T., Wang, S. F., & Chen, S. Y. (2005). Trapezius muscle imbalance in individuals suffering from frozen shoulder syndrome. Clinical rheumatology , 24 (6), 569-575.
- Cools, A. M., Witvrouw, E. E., Declercq, G. A., Danneels, L. A., & Cambier, D. C. (2003). Scapular muscle recruitment patterns: trapezius muscle latency with and without impingement symptoms. The American journal of sports medicine , 31 (4), 542-549.
- Wadsworth, D. J. S., & Bullock-Saxton, J. E. (1997). Recruitment patterns of the scapular rotator muscles in freestyle swimmers with subacromial impingement. International journal of sports medicine , 18 (08), 618-624.
- Cools, A. M., Witvrouw, E. E., De Clercq, G. A., Danneels, L. A., Willems, T. M., Cambier, D. C., & Voight, M. L. (2002). Scapular muscle recruitment pattern: electromyographic response of the trapezius muscle to sudden shoulder movement before and after a fatiguing exercise. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy , 32 (5), 221-229.
- Cools, A. M., Witvrouw, E. E., Declercq, G. A., Vanderstraeten, G. G., & Cambier, D. C. (2004). Evaluation of isokinetic force production and associated muscle activity in the scapular rotators during a protraction-retraction movement in overhead athletes with impingement symptoms. British journal of sports medicine , 38 (1), 64-68.
- Petersen, S. M., & Wyatt, S. N. (2011). Lower trapezius muscle strength in individuals with unilateral neck pain. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy , 41 (4), 260-265.
- Day, J. M., Bush, H., Nitz, A. J., & Uhl, T. L. (2015). Scapular muscle performance in individuals with lateral epicondylalgia. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy , 45 (5), 414-424.
- Lawrence, R. L., Braman, J. P., LaPrade, R. F., & Ludewig, P. M. (2014). Comparison of 3-dimensional shoulder complex kinematics in individuals with and without shoulder pain, part 1: sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and scapulothoracic joints. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy , 44 (9), 636-645.
- Thigpen, C. A., Padua, D. A., Michener, L. A., Guskiewicz, K., Giuliani, C., Keener, J. D., & Stergiou, N. (2010). Head and shoulder posture affect scapular mechanics and muscle activity in overhead tasks. Journal of Electromyography and kinesiology , 20 (4), 701-709.
- Tsai, N. T., McClure, P. W., & Karduna, A. R. (2003). Effects of muscle fatigue on 3-dimensional scapular kinematics 1. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation , 84 (7), 1000-1005.
- McQuade, K. J., Dawson, J., & Smidt, G. L. (1998). Scapulothoracic muscle fatigue associated with alterations in scapulohumeral rhythm kinematics during maximum resistive shoulder elevation. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy , 28 (2), 74-80.
- Ludewig, P. M., Cook, T. M., & Nawoczenski, D. A. (1996). Three-dimensional scapular orientation and muscle activity at selected positions of humeral elevation. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports
- Lucas, K. R., Polus, B. I., & Rich, P. A. (2004). Latent myofascial trigger points: their effects on muscle activation and movement efficiency. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies , 8 (3), 160-166.
- Falla, D., Farina, D., & Graven-Nielsen, T. (2007). Experimental muscle pain results in reorganization of coordination among trapezius muscle subdivisions during repetitive shoulder flexion. Experimental brain research , 178 (3), 385-393.
- Hsu, Y. H., Chen, W. Y., Lin, H. C., Wang, W. T., & Shih, Y. F. (2009). The effects of taping on scapular kinematics and muscle performance in baseball players with shoulder impingement syndrome. Journal of electromyography and kinesiology , 19 (6), 1092-1099.
- Alexander, C. M., Stynes, S., Thomas, A., Lewis, J., & Harrison, P. J. (2003). Does tape facilitate or inhibit the lower fibres of trapezius?. Manual therapy , 8 (1), 37-41.
- Selkowitz, D. M., Chaney, C., Stuckey, S. J., & Vlad, G. (2007). The effects of scapular taping on the surface electromyographic signal amplitude of shoulder girdle muscles during upper extremity elevation in individuals with suspected shoulder impingement syndrome. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy , 37 (11), 694-702.
- Morin, G. E., Tiberio, D., & Austin, G. (1997). The effect of upper trapezius taping on electromyographic activity in the upper and middle trapezius region. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation , 6 (4), 309-318.
- Cools, A. M., Witvrouw, E. E., Danneels, L. A., & Cambier, D. C. (2002). Does taping influence electromyographic muscle activity in the scapular rotators in healthy shoulders?. Manual therapy , 7 (3), 154-162.
- Cleland, J., Selleck, B., Stowell, T., Browne, L., Alberini, S., St. Cyr, H., & Caron, T. (2004). Short-term effects of thoracic manipulation on lower trapezius muscle strength. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy , 12 (2), 82-90.
- Liebler, E. J., Tufano-Coors, L., Douris, P., Makofsky, H. W., McKenna, R., Michels, C., & Rattray, S. (2001). The effect of thoracic spine mobilization on lower trapezius strength testing. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy , 9 (4), 207-212.
- Arlotta, M., LoVasco, G., & McLean, L. (2011). Selective recruitment of the lower fibers of the trapezius muscle. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology , 21 (3), 403-410.
- McClure, P. W., Bialker, J., Neff, N., Williams, G., & Karduna, A. (2004). Shoulder function and 3-dimensional kinematics in people with shoulder impingement syndrome before and after a 6-week exercise program. Physical therapy , 84 (9), 832-848.
- Ekstrom, R. A., Donatelli, R. A., & Soderberg, G. L. (2003). Surface electromyographic analysis of exercises for the trapezius and serratus anterior muscles. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy , 33 (5), 247-258.
- Moseley JR, J. B., Jobe, F. W., Pink, M., Perry, J., & Tibone, J. (1992). EMG analysis of the scapular muscles during a shoulder rehabilitation program. The American journal of sports medicine , 20 (2), 128-134.
- Bressel, M. E., Bressel, E., & Heise, G. D. (2001). Lower trapezius activity during supported and unsupported scapular retraction exercise. Physical Therapy in Sport , 2 (4), 178-185.
- De Mey, K., Danneels, L., Cagnie, B., Van den Bosch, L., Flier, J., & Cools, A. M. (2013). Kinetic chain influences on upper and lower trapezius muscle activation during eight variations of a scapular retraction exercise in overhead athletes. Journal of science and medicine in sport , 16 (1), 65-70.
- Lynch, S. S., Thigpen, C. A., Mihalik, J. P., Prentice, W. E., & Padua, D. (2010). The effects of an exercise intervention on forward head and rounded shoulder postures in elite swimmers. British journal of sports medicine , 44 (5), 376-381.
- Bhatt, J. B., Glaser, R., Chavez, A., & Yung, E. (2013). Middle and lower trapezius strengthening for the management of lateral epicondylalgia: a case report. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy , 43 (11), 841-847.
- Ha, S. M., Kwon, O. Y., Cynn, H. S., Lee, W. H., Park, K. N., Kim, S. H., & Jung, D. Y. (2012). Comparison of electromyographic activity of the lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscle in different arm-lifting scapular posterior tilt exercises. Physical Therapy in Sport , 13 (4), 227-232.
- Ludewig, P. M., Hoff, M. S., Osowski, E. E., Meschke, S. A., & Rundquist, P. J. (2004). Relative balance of serratus anterior and upper trapezius muscle activity during push-up exercises. The American journal of sports medicine , 32 (2), 484-493.
- Additional Research
- Levangin, H.M. 2006. Connective tissue : a body-wide signaling network? Med. Hypoththeses 66, 1074-1077
- Mooney, V., Pozos, R., Vleeming, A., Gulick, J., & Swenski, D. (2001). Exercise treatment for sacroiliac pain. Orthopedics , 24 (1), 29-32.
- Brookbush, B. Lumbo Pelvic Hip Complex Dysfunction. https://brentbrookbush.com/articles/postural-dysfunction-movement-impairment/lumbo-pelvic-hip-complex-dysfunction-lphcd/
- Schleip, R. (2003). Fascial plasticity–a new neurobiological explanation: Part 1. Journal of Bodywork and movement therapies , 7 (1), 11-19.
- Schleip, R. (2003). Fascial plasticity–a new neurobiological explanation Part 2. Journal of Bodywork and movement therapies , 7 (2), 104-116.
- Yahia, L. H., Rhalmi, S., Newman, N., & Isler, M. (1992). Sensory innervation of human thoracolumbar fascia: an immunohistochemical study. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica , 63 (2), 195-197.
- Tesarz, J., Hoheisel, U., Wiedenhöfer, B., & Mense, S. (2011). Sensory innervation of the thoracolumbar fascia in rats and humans. Neuroscience , 194 , 302-308.
- Benetazzo, L., Bizzego, A., De Caro, R., Frigo, G., Guidolin, D., & Stecco, C. (2011). 3D reconstruction of the crural and thoracolumbar fasciae. Surgical and radiologic anatomy , 33 (10), 855-862.
- Panjabi, M. M. (2006). A hypothesis of chronic back pain: ligament subfailure injuries lead to muscle control dysfunction. European Spine Journal , 15 (5), 668-676
- Feeney, D. F., Capobianco, R. A., Montgomery, J. R., Morreale, J., Grabowski, A. M., & Enoka, R. M. (2018). Individuals with sacroiliac joint dysfunction display asymmetrical gait and a depressed synergy between muscles providing sacroiliac joint force closure when walking. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology , 43 , 95-103.
© 2025 Brookbush Institute. All rights reserved.