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Overhead Squat Assessment: Signs of Dysfunction Audio

Unlock optimal movement with the Overhead Squat Assessment. Evaluate dynamic flexibility and neuromuscular control in major joints. Start your journey to better fitness now!

Overhead Squat Assessment: Signs of Dysfunction

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I have almost completed my CPT certification and am half-way through the Human Movement certification to inform my massage practice. The different modalities of reading, watching audiovisual materials, and attending live or recorded webinars have been important to my learning style and for review.

Brookbush Institute has the most detailed, specific and effective tools for online learning for movement and/or bodywork professionals. I love the combination of the videos as well as the text available online.

I recently completed the CPT course. It was demanding yet practical. I would highly recommend it for anyone wanting an education about human movement.

I have my personal trainer certificate through here and am almost finished my human movement specialist certification. Overall, the education that Brookbush has packaged together for clinicians and trainers is invaluable. I am a physio assistant so coming from more of a rehab background I appreciate that this education has been beneficial both as a trainer and in a rehab setting. I love that I have been able to do all learning at my own pace and able to work around my schedule. Thank you for setting up this platform! Highly recommend :)

I have been a massage therapist for 10 yrs and I feel like all the “pieces” I’ve learned throughout the yrs have been put into place and can see the full picture. I am also a member to tons of great content since I love to learn! I plan to get my CPT through them as well.

I have been following Brent Brookbush for nearly a decade- back when I was a personal Trainer and now as a Physical Therapist. BBI is an incredible resource for any movement nerds and corrective exercise specialists! The information is thorough with multiple real world applications. I am looking forward to an in-person Manual Therapist course the second they do one a little bit closer to Virginia ;)

I have taken both the Human Movement Specialist and Certified Personal Trainer certificate programs and have found the value in understanding the how and ways the body moves and functions and from evidence, non-biased, outcome, conceptual, theoretical, and practical approach to helping my clients/patients look better, feel better, and move better.

Over the last years I've returned time and again to Brookbush Institute for stellar coursework as I've worked toward a Human Movement Specialist certification. (I'm currently ACE CPT, and in training with Anatomy Trains for Structural Integration Manual Therapy.) Every Brookbush Institute module is fantastic and each one includes detailed informational videos, written descriptions of how to-do, and, more importantly, why to-do!

I am a 70 yr old chiropractor and no other healthcare provider was able to come up with an exercise protocol particular to my structural and balances and muscle deficits and keep me in the game. And as for continuing education on human skeletal movement, the website is phenomenal full of great exercises for particular mechanical dysfunction.

The H.M.S. is the most valuable certificate I have earned and was a fraction of the the cost of my others. Define the best bang for your buck!

Brookbush is the most efficient Personal Training Certification I have ever come across. All the lessons are well thought out and very straight to the point.

I am getting my Master's degree in Kinesiology, and I would like to say that I have benefited greatly from the rich, comprehensive, well-documented scientific content of Brookbush Institute that links theory to practical applications. Proudly I've got my CPT certificate, and I am on my way to get my HMS certificate.

Having courses count towards different certifications makes it so users can transition seamlessly from one certification to another. In my case, going from earning the BI CPT to earning the BI HMS was an easy decision and I am proud to have earned both certifications. I have also had the pleasure of going to a Live HMS workshop that was well taught by Instructor Boettcher and that was excellent to see how the methods and techniques are implemented.



I have been a member of BBI for years and every course I have taken has been incredibly informative. I learn more from these courses than I do at local CEU courses for my PTA license. I also earned my CPT and HMS certifications through the platform. It was so convenient and the content was top notch! Forever member.

We learn principles in academia, we learn cool new modalities via whatever specialty certification, but BBI really concentrates on the nuances of passive treatment and they do a fantastic job. The format in which BBI instructs soft tissue specialists (DPTs, Chiros, ATs) like myself feels like almost like an apprenticeship. You get a thoroughly detailed explanation of the “why’s”, and a visual comprehension of how to apply. Personally, I believe application is where the good and the great are distinguished.

Brookbush has been incredibly helpful since I was in massage school and now as I’m in my career! I run my own practice and it gives me the resources I need to not only improve what I already know, but also help me navigate better, more efficient ways of treatment.

Totally loving the convenience and affordability of this program with my crazy lifestyle! I feel like I am getting a quality education without a massive cost! My favorite part is the videos I can watch in the courses. I learn so much better that way. Once I really spent more time on the site, I figured out how to maneuver around a lot better! I enjoy the sense of humor, as well as the easy explanation, and short tests. And if I am really tired, I can have the computer read me the lessons. 😁

Challenging concepts are explained in very understandable terms without dumbing down the material, and I find this program to be superior in quality to other personal training programs.

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All fitness, performance, and rehabilitation programs should start with an assessment. The goal of assessment is to refine exercise and technique recommendations, with the intent of improving client or patient outcomes. This course describes the Overhead Squat Assessment (a.k.a OSA, OHSA, squat assessment, overhead squat, and similar to the deep squat of the Functional Movement Screen).

The Overhead Squat Assessment is particularly effective as a starting point for a comprehensive assessment of movement quality because it challenges the dynamic flexibility and neuromuscular control of the large joints of the kinetic chain. Following a few repetitions, a movement professional can quickly identify reliable signs correlated with altered shoulder mobility, scapula dyskinesis, altered core strength, hip mobility, knee joint alignment, and/or ankle mobility. These signs can be used by professionals prior to more specific assessments that may aid in identifying altered recruitment patterns, muscle imbalance, muscle overactivity, muscle underactivity, loss of muscle strength, or increased joint stiffness. For example, the sign "Knee Valgus (Knees Bow In)" may be indicative of 

, implying that it may be beneficial to perform 

 of the hip, knee, and/or ankle. The combination of the Overhead Squat Assessment and Goniometry may highlight a lack of dorsiflexion, a lack of ankle stability, and muscle imbalances including a loss of 

This course includes unique content only available from the 

. Unlike other education companies that also teach a squat assessment; including the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM), the American Council on Exercise (ACE), and the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), the Brookbush Institute provides an evidence-based analysis of muscle imbalance and joint dyskinesis. But, perhaps most importantly, the 

 is the first company to teach a methodology that includes assessment using a preset group of reliable signs, analysis of the impairments implied by those signs (including altered muscle activity and length, and joint dyskinesis), development of an integrated approach to addressing the analysis, and reassessment to determine the efficacy of the intervention. This industry has always been poor at describing the link between assessment and technique selection. The 

 addresses this issue in this course with a clear methodology for all sports medicine professionals to build on (personal trainers, fitness instructors, physical therapists, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, athletic trainers, etc.).

For an introduction to the Overhead Squat Assessment (OHSA) including intent, validity, reliability, signs of dysfunction, analysis, and set-up please review:

This course thoroughly describes each sign including instructional videos, solution tables with analysis and intervention recommendations, and relevant research.

Excessive lordosis (Anterior pelvic tilt)

Printable PDF of the Movement Assessment Template (including the OHSA):

Human Movement Specialist (HMS) Certification

Integrated Manual Therapist (IMT) Certification

Pre-approved for Continuing Education Credits for:

Dr. Brent Brookbush demonstrating the set up in an overhead squat

Course Description: Overhead Squat Assessment: Signs of Dysfunction

Overhead Squat Assessment Study Guide

Course Study Guide: Overhead Squat Assessment 

You can also try our program generator. "Corrective Exercise" and "Manual Therapy" include assessment templates:

Movement Assessment Template and Program Generator

Feet Flatten Solution Table

Feet flatten from the posterior view

Research on Feet Flatten

Video Description of Feet Flatten

Feet Flatten

Feet Turn Out Solutions Table

Demonstration of feet turn out during the Overhead Squat Assessment

Research on Feet Turn Out

Video Description of Feet Turn Out

Feet Turn Out

Knees Bow In Solution Table

An example of a gait analysis showing knee bow in a.k.a. valgus

Research on Knees Bow In

Video Description of Knees Bow In

Knees Bow In

Knees Bow Out Solution Table

An example of knee bow out a.k.a. varus during the Overhead Squat Assessment

Research on Knee Bow Out

Video Description of Knee Bow Out

Knees Bow Out

Excessive Forward Lean Solution Table

Image of an excessive forward lean in a squat

Research on Excessive Forward Lean

Video Description of Excessive Forward Lean

Excessive Forward Lean

Anterior Pelvic Tilt (Excessive Lordosis) Solution Table

Example of an anterior pelvic tilt during the Overhead Squat Assessment

Research Anterior Pelvic Tilt

Video Description of Anterior Pelvic Tilt

Anterior Pelvic Tilt (Excessive Lordosis)

Arms Fall Solution Table

Arms Fall in the Overhead Squat Assessment

Research on Arms Fall

Video Description of Arms Fall

Arms Fall

Shoulders Elevate Solution Table

Scapula elevates (which is a combination of anterior tipping and downard rotation)

Research on Scapula Elevates

Video Description of Scapula Elevates

Shoulders Elevate

The next step in understanding the Overhead Squat Assessment is the recognition of "Clusters of Signs", also known as "Compensation Patterns."

Overhead Squat Assessment: Sign Clusters and Compensation Patterns

These common clusters may be described by the Predictive Models of Movement Impairment discussed in the articles below:

The Next Step

Florence Peterson Kendall, Elizabeth Kendall McCreary, Patricia Geise Provance, Mary McIntyre Rodgers, William Anthony Romani

Phillip Page, Clare Frank, Robert Lardner, 

Assessment and Treatment of Muscle Imbalance: The Janda Approach

Diagnoses and Treatment of Movement Impairment Syndromes,

David G. Simons, Janet Travell, Lois S. Simons, 

Travell & Simmons’ Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction, The Trigger Point Manual, Volume 1. Upper Half of Body: Second Edition

Carolyn Richardson, Paul Hodges, Julie Hides. Therapeutic Exercise for Lumbo Pelvic Stabilization – A Motor Control Approach for the Treatment and Prevention of Low Back Pain: 2nd Edition (c) Elsevier Limited, 2004

NASM Essentials of Corrective Exercise Training

Sueki, D. G., Cleland, J. A., & Wainner, R. S. (2013). A regional interdependence model of musculoskeletal dysfunction: research, mechanisms, and clinical implications. 

Wainner RS, Flynn TW, Whitman JM. Spinal and extremity manipulation: the basic skill set for physical therapists. San Antonio (TX): Manipulations, Inc; 2001

Basmajian JV, Stecko G. The role of muscles in arch support of the foot. J Bone Joint Surg 1963;45A: 1184-90

Mizel MS, Temple HT, Scranton PE II, Gellman RE, Hecht PJ, Horton GA, et al. Role of the peroneal tendons in the production of the deformed foot with posterior tibial tendon deficiency.

Dyal CM, Feder J, Deland JT, Thompson FM. Pes planus in patients with posterior tibial tendon insufficiency: asymptomatic versus symptomatic foot. Foot Ankle Int 1997;18: 85-8.

Pohl MB, Rabbito M, Ferber R. The role of tibialis posterior fatigue on foot kinematics during walking. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research 2010 3:6

Mosier SM, Pomeroy G, Manoli A II. Pathoanatomy and aetiology of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1999;365:12-22.

Kulig K, Lederhaus E, Reischl S, Arya S, Bashfor G. Effect of Eccentric Exercise Program for Early Tibialis Posterior Tendinopathy Foot & Ankle International September 2009 vol. 30 no. 9 877-885

Bell, D. R., Oates, D. C., Clark, M. A., & Padua, D. A. (2013). Two-and 3-dimensional knee valgus are reduced after an exercise intervention in young adults with demonstrable valgus during squatting. 

Winslow, J., & Yoder, E. (1995). Patellofemoral pain in female ballet dancers: correlation with iliotibial band tightness and tibial external rotation. 

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy

Kwon O, Yun M, and Lee W. (2014). Correlation between intrinsic patellofemoral pain syndrome in young adults and lower extremity biomechanics. 

Hasegawa, K. T., Hori, S., Tsujita, J., & Dawson, M. L. (2001). Effects of Stretching Exercises on Vastus Medialis and Vastus Lateralis.Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(5), S10

Hewett, T. E., Myer, G. D., Ford, K. R., Heidt, R. S., Colosimo, A. J., McLean, S. G., & Succop, P. (2005). Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes A prospective study. 

Dos Reis, A. C., Correa, J. C. F., Bley, A. S., Rabelo, N. D. D. A., Fukuda, T. Y., & Lucareli, P. R. G. (2015). Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of the Single-Leg Triple Hop Test in Women With and Without Patellofemoral Pain. journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy, 45(10), 799-807.

Noehren, B., Scholz, J., Davis, I. (2011) The effects of real-time gait retraining on hip kinematics, pain, and function in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Br Journal of Sports Medicine. 45:691-696

Ireland, ML., Wilson, JD., Ballantyne, BT., Davis, IM. (2003). Hip Strength in Females With and Without Patellofemoral Pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2003. 33: 671-676

Noehren B, Hamill J, Davis I. Prospective Evidence for a Hip Etiology in Patellofemoral Pain. 

Smith, J. A., Popovich, J. M., & Kulig, K. (2014). The influence of hip strength on lower limb, pelvis, and trunk kinematics and coordination patterns during walking and hopping in healthy women. 

Mauntel, T., Begalle, R., Cram, T., Frank, B., Hirth, C., Blackburn, T., & Padua, D. (2013). The effects of lower extremity muscle activation and passive range of motion on single leg squat performance. 

Journal Of Strength And Conditioning Research / National Strength & Conditioning Association

Padua, D. A., Bell, D. R., & Clark, M. A. (2012). Neuromuscular characteristics of individuals displaying excessive medial knee displacement. 

Macrum et al. Effect of limiting ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion on lower extremity kinematics and muscle-activation patterns during a squat. 

Souza, T. R., Pinto, R. Z., Trede, R. G., Kirkwood, R. N., & Fonseca, S. T. (2010). Temporal couplings between rearfoot–shank complex and hip joint during walking. 

Franettovich, S. M., Honeywill, C. O. N. O. R., Wyndow, N., Crossley, K. M., & Creaby, M. W. (2014). Neuromotor control of gluteal muscles in runners with achilles tendinopathy. 

Medicine and science in sports and exercise

Ramskov, D., Barton, C., Nielsen, R. O., & Rasmussen, S. (2015). High Eccentric Hip Abduction Strength Reduces the Risk of Developing Patellofemoral Pain Among Novice Runners Initiating a Self-Structured Running Program: A 1-Year Observational Study. 

journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy

Snyder, K. R., Earl, J. E., O’Connor, K. M., & Ebersole, K. T. (2009). Resistance training is accompanied by increases in hip strength and changes in lower extremity biomechanics during running. 

Sharma, L., Song, J., Felson, D. T., Shamiyeh, E., & Dunlop, D. D. (2001). The role of knee alignment in disease progression and functional decline in knee osteoarthritis. 

Brouwer, G. M., Van Tol, A. W., Bergink, A. P., Belo, J. N., Bernsen, R. M. D., Reijman, M., … & Bierma‐Zeinstra, S. M. A. (2007). Association between valgus and varus alignment and the development and progression of radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee. 

Foroughi, N., Smith, R., & Vanwanseele, B. (2009). The association of external knee adduction moment with biomechanical variables in osteoarthritis: a systematic review. 

Andrews, M., Noyes, F. R., Hewett, T. E., & Andriacchi, T. P. (1996). Lower limb alignment and foot angle are related to stance phase knee adduction in normal subjects: a critical analysis of the reliability of gait analysis data. 

Barrios, J. A., Crossley, K. M., & Davis, I. S. (2010). Gait retraining to reduce the knee adduction moment through real-time visual feedback of dynamic knee alignment. 

Cholewicki, J., Silfies, S., Shah, R., Greene, H., Reeves, N. Alvi, K., Goldberg, B. (2005). Delayed trunk muscle reflex responses increase the risk of low back injuries. Spine. 30(23), 2614-2620

Tateuchi, H., Taniguchi, M., Mori, N., Ichihashi, N. Balance of hip and trunk muscle activity is associated with increased anterior pelvic tilt during prone hip extension (2013) 

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology

Ellison, JB., Rose, S., Sahrmann, S. (1990). Patterns of Hip Rotation Range of Motion: A Comparison Between Healthy Subjects and Patients with Low Back Pain. Phys Ther 1990. 70: 537-541

Schache, A. G., Blanch, P. D., & Murphy, A. T. (2000). Relation of anterior pelvic tilt during running to clinical and kinematic measures of hip extension. 

Hodges, P., Richardson, C. (1996). Inefficient Muscular Stabilization of the Lumbar Spine Associated With Low Back Pain: A Motor Control Evaluation of Transverse Abdominis. 

Cooper, N., Scavo, K., Strickland, K., Tipayamongkol, N., Nicholson, J., Bewyer, D., Sluka, K. Prevalence of gluteus medius weakness in people with chronic low back pain compared to healthy controls. J Euro Spine. 26 May 2015

Hungerford, B., Gilleard, W., Hodges, P. (2003) Evidence of altered lumbopelvic muscle recruitment in the presence of sacroiliac joint pain. Spine 28(14), 1593-1600

O’Sullivan, P. B., Beales, D. J., Beetham, J. A., Cripps, J., Graf, F., Lin, I. B., … & Avery, A. (2002). Altered motor control strategies in subjects with sacroiliac joint pain during the active straight-leg-raise test. 

Lewis CL, Sahrmann. 2005 Timing of muscle activation during prone hip extension. 

Abstract. J Orhop Sports Phys Ther 35(1): A56.

Sihawong, R., Janwantanakul, P., Jiamjarasrasi, W. (2014) A prospective, cluster-randomized controlled trial of exercise program to prevent low back pain in office workers. European Spine Journal 23:786-793

Okubo, Y., Kaneoka, K., Imai, A., Shiina, I., Tatsumura, M., Izumi, S., & Miyakawa, S. (2010). Electromyographic analysis of transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus using wire electrodes during lumbar stabilization exercises. 

Oh, J. S., Cynn, H. S., Won, J. H., Kwon, O. Y., & Yi, C. H. (2007). Effects of performing an abdominal drawing-in maneuver during prone hip extension exercises on hip and back extensor muscle activity and amount of anterior pelvic tilt. 

Hides, J. A., Richardson, C. A., & Jull, G. A. (1996). Multifidus Muscle Recovery Is Not Automatic After Resolution of Acute, First‐Episode Low Back Pain.

Hides, J. A., Jull, G. A., & Richardson, C. A. (2001). Long-term effects of specific stabilizing exercises for first-episode low back pain. 

Bell DR, Padua DA. Influence of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and lower leg muscle activation on knee vagus during a double legged squat. 

Bullock-Saxton, J. E. (1994). Local sensation changes and altered hip muscle function following severe ankle sprain. 

Scovazzo, M.L., Browne, A., Pink, M., Jobe, F.W., and Kerrigan, J. (1991). The painful shoulder during freestyle swimming: An electromyographic cinematographic analysis of twelve muscles. 

José Miota Ibarra, Hong-You Ge, Chao Wang, Vicente Martínez Vizcaíno, Thomas Graven-Nielsen, Lars Arendt-Nielsen. Latent Myofascial Trigger Points are Associated With an Increased Antagonistic Muscle Activity During Agonist Muscle Contraction. 

 Volume 12, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 1282–1288

Boone, D. C., Azen, S. P., Lin, C. M., Spence, C., Baron, C., & Lee, L. (1978). Reliability of goniometric measurements. 

Rothstein, J. M., Miller, P. J., & Roettger, R. F. (1983). Goniometric reliability in a clinical setting. 

Mullaney MJ, McHugh MP, Johnson CP, Tyler TF. (2010). Reliability of shoulder range of motion comparing goniometer to a digital level. 

Riddle DL, Rothstein JM, Lamb RL. (1987). Goniometric reliability in a clinical setting. 

Dougherty J, Walmsley S, and Osmotherly PG. (2014). Passive range of movement of the shoulder: a standardized method for measurement and assessment of intrarater reliability. 

Journal of Manipulative and Phsyiological Therapeutics.

Lawrence, R. L., Braman, J. P., Laprade, R. F., & Ludewig, P. M. (2014). Comparison of 3-dimensional shoulder complex kinematics in individuals with and without shoulder pain, part 1: sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and scapulothoracic joints. 

Overhead Squat Assessment: Signs of Dysfunction

Related Courses:

Course Description: Overhead Squat Assessment: Signs of Dysfunction

Course Study Guide: Overhead Squat Assessment

Movement Assessment Template and Program Generator

Feet Flatten
3 Sub Sections

Feet Turn Out
3 Sub Sections

Knees Bow In
3 Sub Sections

Knees Bow Out
3 Sub Sections

Excessive Forward Lean
3 Sub Sections

Anterior Pelvic Tilt (Excessive Lordosis)
3 Sub Sections

Arms Fall
3 Sub Sections

Shoulders Elevate
3 Sub Sections

The Next Step

Bibliography

Related Courses:

Comments

Guest

Overhead Squat Assessment: Signs of Dysfunction

Related Courses:

Course Description: Overhead Squat Assessment: Signs of Dysfunction

Course Study Guide: Overhead Squat Assessment

Movement Assessment Template and Program Generator

Feet Flatten3 Sub Sections

Feet Turn Out3 Sub Sections

Knees Bow In3 Sub Sections

Knees Bow Out3 Sub Sections

Excessive Forward Lean3 Sub Sections

Anterior Pelvic Tilt (Excessive Lordosis)3 Sub Sections

Arms Fall3 Sub Sections

Shoulders Elevate3 Sub Sections

The Next Step

Bibliography

Related Courses:

Comments

Guest

Feet Flatten
3 Sub Sections

Feet Turn Out
3 Sub Sections

Knees Bow In
3 Sub Sections

Knees Bow Out
3 Sub Sections

Excessive Forward Lean
3 Sub Sections

Anterior Pelvic Tilt (Excessive Lordosis)
3 Sub Sections

Arms Fall
3 Sub Sections

Shoulders Elevate
3 Sub Sections