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Relevant research on muscle vibration soft tissue release techniques. Manual therapy using vibration massage tools (massage guns and percussion instruments), what is vibration, vibration massage benefits, side effects and comparing vibration to foam rollers. What receptors are stimulated, vibration effect on reflexes, how to reduce muscle soreness (DOMS), muscle pain, performance, and strength.

The Effects of Local Vibration: Introduction to Vibration Release Techniques

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Introduction

Local vibration, that is vibration directly applied to a muscle, was used in studies as early as the 1960s to investigate sensory afferents, reflexes, and motor response (1-6, 9, 12-13, 22, 40-41). Note, this paper has purposefully excluded whole-body and indirect vibration research. Hundreds of studies have been published investigating whole-body vibration training; however, the intent of such training, effects, and mechanisms involved may be different than local vibration.

Pre-exercise local vibration reduces signs and chemical markers of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and may improve performance in subsequent frequent workouts.

Local vibration is effective for reducing acute muscle pain (and can be added to a home program via the devices like the Hypervolt by Hyperice® or similar devices).

Local vibration alone may be sufficient to increase strength in deconditioned muscles/individuals.

Current research implies that adding vibration to self-administered release techniques (SMR) (e.g. foam rolling) enhances benefits for DOMS, pain pressure sensitivity, and increasing proprioception. Further research is needed to refine protocols and determine whether adding vibration to SMR enhances benefits for increasing range of motion and improving power performance when used as a warm-up.

Summary of Receptor Response to Local Vibration

Local vibration has been used to study sensory afferents and muscle response since the 1960s.

Studies have demonstrated that high-frequency vibration preferentially stimulates type Ia sensory afferents (dynamic muscle spindle), and results in much less stimulation of type Ib sensory afferents (Golgi tendon organ) and type II afferents (static muscle spindle afferents).

Research suggests that length, stretch, and increased tension in the muscle being vibrated increase the facilitation of receptors, including type Ib and type II afferents.

Local vibration results in simultaneous agonist inhibition and tonic contraction (known as the tonic vibration reflex or TVR), and reciprocal inhibition of the functional antagonist.

Local vibration may result in a reduction in muscle tone (H-reflex sensitivity) while potentiating the reactive component of stretch reflex (T-reflex) associated with the performance of sport and power activities such as running and jumping.

Studies demonstrate that the CNS is involved in agonist tonic contraction, inhibition of antagonists, and kinesthesia resulting from local vibration.

Studies imply that additional mechanoreceptors (Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini endings, free nerve endings) play a significant role in motor control and muscle activity and that Pacinian corpuscles are the receptor most likely to respond to local vibration.

Pre-exercise local vibration may be protective, reducing swelling, improving range of motion, and decreasing pain associated with DOMS.

Pre-exercise vibration attenuates chemical markers associated with DOMS including decreased CK, LDH, IL6, histamine, lymphocytes, and increased neutrophils.

Direct application of vibration may have benefits for addressing acute muscle pain (and can be added to a home program via the Hypervolt or similar devices).

Pre-exercise local vibration improved muscle performance when exercise was performed on subsequent days (frequently).

The application of pre-exercise local vibration should be limited to less than 10 minutes per muscle. (The Brookbush Institute protocols suggest 1 - 2 minutes per muscle and no more than 5 minutes)

The application of local vibration during training may attenuate sub-maximal concentric strength and maximal power; however, the limited benefit, lack of residual effect, and practical issues with wearing vibration technology warrant further study before use in strength and performance settings can be recommended. (Reminder, this is a statement based on studies investigating the direct application of vibration to muscles being trained, and does not include whole-body vibration research)

Currently, research implies that vibration added to foam rolling has a significant effect on DOMS, pain pressure sensitivity, and proprioception, and further research is needed to determine the effect on range of motion and power performance when used as a warm-up.

The Brookbush Institute recommends that local vibration (vibration release techniques) is used prior to lengthening techniques; however, some studies suggest that there may be some benefit to incorporating local vibration while stretching.

Webinar: Effects of Local Vibration.

What is being stimulated

How is it being stimulated

Effect on Reflexes

CNS Involvement

Consideration of Additional Receptors

Receptor Response

Muscle Soreness

Pre-exercise Vibration and Chemical Markers of DOMS

Local Vibration for Acute Muscle Pain

Practical Application

The effect of local vibration on muscle endurance, strength and power is nuanced, but is fairly congruent with the effects on receptor activity and the tonic vibration reflex (TVR) discussed above.

Local Vibration May Increase Strength of Deconditioned Muscles

Local Vibration Enhances Training

Effect of Local Vibration when Applied During Contraction

Local Vibration During Strength Training

Effect on Muscle Performance

Comparing Foam Rollers to Vibrating Foam Rollers

Recently a new application of local vibration has entered the market; devices that add vibration to foam rolls and spheres for self-myofascial release (SMR). To date, all of these studies have investigated the effects of vibration added to foam rolling on lower extremity muscles. In an RCT by Cheatham et al., the vibrating foam roll (VFR) group demonstrated larger decreases in pain pressure sensitivity than the conventional foam rolling group (FR) and nearly achieved statistically superior increases in range of motion (74). A study by Han et al. compared VFR to FR for muscles around the 

, demonstrating that VFR resulted in a significant increase in 

 flexion and internal rotation range of motion (75). Romero et al. demonstrated that after a DOMS inducing workout that greater short-term benefits in pain perception and passive extension hip joint ROM were achieved with VFR, and both VFR and FR improved pain pressure threshold, muscle oxygen saturation, jump height, and knee joint range of motion (76). Further, in an RCT by Lee et al. warming up with VFR resulted in similar increases in mobility as FR or stretching, but significantly better 

 joint reposition accuracy, dynamic balance (proprioception), and 

 muscle strength (77). Two studies have failed to demonstrate significant differences between VFR and FR. Garcia-Gutiérrez et al. demonstrated that VFR and FR for 

 dorsiflexion range of motion (78), and Sağiroğlu et al. demonstrated that VFR and FR resulted in similar improvements in range of motion and jump height (79). These studies suggest that adding vibration to foam rolling has a significant effect on some, but not all benefits associated with foam rolling and self-administered release. The inconsistencies between studies likely suggest that more research is needed to refine protocols, and determine the best uses for VFR. Currently, research implies that vibration added to foam rolling has a significant effect on DOMS, pain pressure sensitivity, and proprioception, and further research is needed to determine the potential benefits for a range of motion and power performance when used as a warm-up.

Three studies have demonstrated that adding local vibration to static stretching results in further increases in mobility. Sands et al. demonstrated that a 4-week program of stretching with vibration significantly increased range of motion when compared to a 4-week static stretching program, in highly trained male gymnasts (80). A study by Cronin et al. demonstrated that a single bout of hamstring stretching with vibration was more effective than stretching for improving 

 joint range of motion (81). A study by Peer et al. demonstrated that stretching with vibration was effective for improving 

 sprain, but no comparison group was used in this study (82). The Brookbush Institute recommends that local vibration (vibration release techniques) is used prior to lengthening techniques; however, these studies suggest that there may be some benefit to incorporating local vibration while stretching.

Summary of Effects on Muscle Performance

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Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

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Shinohara, M., Moritz, C. T., Frigon, A., & Enoka, R. M. (2004). Vibration-induced enhancement of the stretch reflex is accompanied by an increase in the force fluctuations for a hand muscle. In 

Sahebazamani, M., & Mohammadi, H. (2012). Influence of vibration on some of functional markers of delayed onset muscle soreness. 

International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology

Koeda, T., Ando, T., Inoue, T., Kamisaka, K., Tsukamoto, S., Torikawa, T., & Mizumura, K. (2003). A trial to evaluate experimentally induced delayed onset muscle soreness and its modulation by vibration. 

Environmental Medicine: annual report of the Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University

Hakami, M., Taghian, F., & Karimi, A. (2010). The effect of vibration on preventing the delayed onset muscle soreness in active girls. 

Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences

Fuller, J. T., Thomson, R. L., Howe, P. R., & Buckley, J. D. (2015). Vibration therapy is no more effective than the standard practice of massage and stretching for promoting recovery from muscle damage after eccentric exercise. 

Kim, J. Y., Kang, D. H., Lee, J. H., Se, M., & Jeon, J. K. (2017). The effects of pre-exercise vibration stimulation on the exercise-induced muscle damage. 

Cochrane, D. J. (2017). Effectiveness of using wearable vibration therapy to alleviate muscle soreness. 

Imtiyaz, S., Veqar, Z., & Shareef, M. Y. (2014). To compare the effect of vibration therapy and massage in prevention of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). 

Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR

Bakhtiary, A. H., Safavi-Farokhi, Z., & Aminian-Far, A. (2007). Influence of vibration on delayed onset of muscle soreness following eccentric exercise. 

Broadbent, S., Rousseau, J. J., Thorp, R. M., Choate, S. L., Jackson, F. S., & Rowlands, D. S. (2010). Vibration therapy reduces plasma IL6 and muscle soreness after downhill running. 

Lau, W. Y., & Nosaka, K. (2011). Effect of vibration treatment on symptoms associated with eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. 

American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation

Ayles, S., Graven-Nielsen, T., & Gibson, W. (2011). Vibration-induced afferent activity augments delayed onset muscle allodynia. 

Weerakkody, N. S., Percival, P., Hickey, M. W., Morgan, D. L., Gregory, J. E., Canny, B. J., & Proske, U. (2003). Effects of local pressure and vibration on muscle pain from eccentric exercise and hypertonic saline. 

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International journal of molecular medicine

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Koh, H. W., Cho, S. H., Kim, C. Y., Cho, B. J., Kim, J. W., & Bo, K. H. (2013). Effects of vibratory stimulations on maximal voluntary isometric contraction from delayed onset muscle soreness. 

Jackson, S. W., & Turner, D. L. (2003). Prolonged muscle vibration reduces maximal voluntary knee extension performance in both the ipsilateral and the contralateral limb in man. 

Mottram, C. J., Maluf, K. S., Stephenson, J. L., Anderson, M. K., & Enoka, R. M. (2006). Prolonged vibration of the biceps brachii tendon reduces time to failure when maintaining arm position with a submaximal load. 

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European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology

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Aviation, space, and environmental medicine

Gabriel, D. A., Basford, J. R., & An, K. N. (2002). Vibratory facilitation of strength in fatigued muscle. 

Archives of physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Drummond, M. D., Couto, B. P., Augusto, I. G., Rodrigues, S. A., & Szmuchrowski, L. A. (2014). Effects of 12 weeks of dynamic strength training with local vibration. 

Issurin, V. B., & Tenenbaum, G. (1999). Acute and residual effects of vibratory stimulation on explosive strength in elite and amateur athletes. 

Ivanenko, Y. P., Grasso, R., & Lacquaniti, F. (2000). Influence of leg muscle vibration on human walking. 

Cheatham, S. W., Stull, K. R., & Kolber, M. J. (2019). Comparison of a vibration roller and a nonvibration roller intervention on knee range of motion and pressure pain threshold: 

Han, S. W., Lee, Y. S., & Lee, D. J. (2017). The influence of the vibration form roller exercise on the pains in the muscles around the hip joint and the joint performance. 

Romero-Moraleda, B., González-García, J., Cuéllar-Rayo, Á., Balsalobre-Fernández, C., Muñoz-García, D., & Morencos, E. (2019). Effects of Vibration and Non-Vibration Foam Rolling on Recovery after Exercise with Induced Muscle Damage. 

Lee, C. L., Chu, I. H., Lyu, B. J., Chang, W. D., & Chang, N. J. (2018). Comparison of vibration rolling, nonvibration rolling, and static stretching as a warm-up exercise on flexibility, joint proprioception, muscle strength, and balance in young adults. 

Garcia-Gutiérrez, M. T., Guillén-Rogel, P., Cochrane, D. J., & Marin, P. J. (2018). Cross transfer acute effects of foam rolling with vibration on ankle dorsiflexion range of motion. 

Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions

Sağiroğlu, İ. (2017). Acute effects of applied local vibration during foam roller exercise on lower extremity explosive strength and flexibility performance. 

European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science

Sands, W. A., McNeal, J. R., Stone, M. H., Russell, E. M., & Jemni, M. O. N. E. M. (2006). Flexibility enhancement with vibration: Acute and long-term. 

Medicine and science in sports and exercise

Cronin, J., Nash, M., & Whatman, C. (2008). The acute effects of hamstring stretching and vibration on dynamic knee joint range of motion and jump performance. 

Peer, K. S., Barkley, J. E., & Knapp, D. M. (2009). The acute effects of local vibration therapy on ankle sprain and hamstring strain injuries. 

The Effects of Local Vibration: Introduction to Vibration Release Techniques

Related Courses:

Introduction

Webinar: Effects of Local Vibration.

Receptor Response
6 Sub Sections

Practical Application
3 Sub Sections

Effect on Muscle Performance
4 Sub Sections

Comparing Foam Rollers to Vibrating Foam Rollers
1 Sub Section

Bibliography

Related Courses:

Comments

Guest

The Effects of Local Vibration: Introduction to Vibration Release Techniques

Related Courses:

Introduction

Webinar: Effects of Local Vibration.

Receptor Response6 Sub Sections

Practical Application3 Sub Sections

Effect on Muscle Performance4 Sub Sections

Comparing Foam Rollers to Vibrating Foam Rollers1 Sub Section

Bibliography

Related Courses:

Comments

Guest

Receptor Response
6 Sub Sections

Practical Application
3 Sub Sections

Effect on Muscle Performance
4 Sub Sections

Comparing Foam Rollers to Vibrating Foam Rollers
1 Sub Section