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Deep Longitudinal Subsystem (DLS) Audio

Deep longitudinal subsystem (DLS) is comprised of the fibularis (peroneal) muscles, biceps femoris, sacrotuberous ligament, and erector spinae, and may include the piriformis, adductor magnus, and rhomboids. 

Deep Longitudinal Subsystem (DLS)

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I have almost completed my CPT certification and am half-way through the Human Movement certification to inform my massage practice. The different modalities of reading, watching audiovisual materials, and attending live or recorded webinars have been important to my learning style and for review.

Brookbush Institute has the most detailed, specific and effective tools for online learning for movement and/or bodywork professionals. I love the combination of the videos as well as the text available online.

I recently completed the CPT course. It was demanding yet practical. I would highly recommend it for anyone wanting an education about human movement.

I have my personal trainer certificate through here and am almost finished my human movement specialist certification. Overall, the education that Brookbush has packaged together for clinicians and trainers is invaluable. I am a physio assistant so coming from more of a rehab background I appreciate that this education has been beneficial both as a trainer and in a rehab setting. I love that I have been able to do all learning at my own pace and able to work around my schedule. Thank you for setting up this platform! Highly recommend :)

I have been a massage therapist for 10 yrs and I feel like all the “pieces” I’ve learned throughout the yrs have been put into place and can see the full picture. I am also a member to tons of great content since I love to learn! I plan to get my CPT through them as well.

I have been following Brent Brookbush for nearly a decade- back when I was a personal Trainer and now as a Physical Therapist. BBI is an incredible resource for any movement nerds and corrective exercise specialists! The information is thorough with multiple real world applications. I am looking forward to an in-person Manual Therapist course the second they do one a little bit closer to Virginia ;)

I have taken both the Human Movement Specialist and Certified Personal Trainer certificate programs and have found the value in understanding the how and ways the body moves and functions and from evidence, non-biased, outcome, conceptual, theoretical, and practical approach to helping my clients/patients look better, feel better, and move better.

Over the last years I've returned time and again to Brookbush Institute for stellar coursework as I've worked toward a Human Movement Specialist certification. (I'm currently ACE CPT, and in training with Anatomy Trains for Structural Integration Manual Therapy.) Every Brookbush Institute module is fantastic and each one includes detailed informational videos, written descriptions of how to-do, and, more importantly, why to-do!

I am a 70 yr old chiropractor and no other healthcare provider was able to come up with an exercise protocol particular to my structural and balances and muscle deficits and keep me in the game. And as for continuing education on human skeletal movement, the website is phenomenal full of great exercises for particular mechanical dysfunction.

The H.M.S. is the most valuable certificate I have earned and was a fraction of the the cost of my others. Define the best bang for your buck!

Brookbush is the most efficient Personal Training Certification I have ever come across. All the lessons are well thought out and very straight to the point.

I am getting my Master's degree in Kinesiology, and I would like to say that I have benefited greatly from the rich, comprehensive, well-documented scientific content of Brookbush Institute that links theory to practical applications. Proudly I've got my CPT certificate, and I am on my way to get my HMS certificate.

Having courses count towards different certifications makes it so users can transition seamlessly from one certification to another. In my case, going from earning the BI CPT to earning the BI HMS was an easy decision and I am proud to have earned both certifications. I have also had the pleasure of going to a Live HMS workshop that was well taught by Instructor Boettcher and that was excellent to see how the methods and techniques are implemented.



I have been a member of BBI for years and every course I have taken has been incredibly informative. I learn more from these courses than I do at local CEU courses for my PTA license. I also earned my CPT and HMS certifications through the platform. It was so convenient and the content was top notch! Forever member.

We learn principles in academia, we learn cool new modalities via whatever specialty certification, but BBI really concentrates on the nuances of passive treatment and they do a fantastic job. The format in which BBI instructs soft tissue specialists (DPTs, Chiros, ATs) like myself feels like almost like an apprenticeship. You get a thoroughly detailed explanation of the “why’s”, and a visual comprehension of how to apply. Personally, I believe application is where the good and the great are distinguished.

Brookbush has been incredibly helpful since I was in massage school and now as I’m in my career! I run my own practice and it gives me the resources I need to not only improve what I already know, but also help me navigate better, more efficient ways of treatment.

Totally loving the convenience and affordability of this program with my crazy lifestyle! I feel like I am getting a quality education without a massive cost! My favorite part is the videos I can watch in the courses. I learn so much better that way. Once I really spent more time on the site, I figured out how to maneuver around a lot better! I enjoy the sense of humor, as well as the easy explanation, and short tests. And if I am really tired, I can have the computer read me the lessons. 😁

Challenging concepts are explained in very understandable terms without dumbing down the material, and I find this program to be superior in quality to other personal training programs.

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Human Movement Specialist

This course describes the deep longitudinal subsystem (DLS),  a concept originally proposed by Vleeming et al. (1). The deep longitudinal subsystem may also be referred to as the deep longitudinal sling, deep posterior subsystem, deep posterior sling, deep posterior myofascial synergy, and is similar to the concepts of body slings, muscle synergies, myofascial lines, myofascial trains, anatomy trains, superficial back line, and spiral line. 

The Deep Longitudinal Subsystem (DLS) is comprised of:

Thoracolumbar Fascia (Deep Posterior layer)

Obturator internus (and deep hip external rotators)

Assists with propulsion from heel strike to push-off during gait, assists with lifting from a forward bent position, and is the prime mover of lumbar hyper-extension.

Contributes to stabilization of the tibiofibular joints, hip joints, sacroiliac joints, and all segments of the spine.

 Decelerates leg swing and impact during heel strike, eccentrically decelerates forward bending, and eccentrically decelerates ankle inversion.

Release (self-administered, vibration, or manual):

Piriformis, Obturator internus (and deep rotators)

Avoid exercises that focus on strengthening the 

The concepts and techniques described in this course may be particularly beneficial for neuromuscular re-education, coordination, motor pattern integration, whole-body strength, functional strength, and sports performance. Sports medicine professionals (personal trainers, fitness instructors, physical therapists, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, athletic trainers, etc.) should consider adding these exercises to their repertoire to improve the outcomes of their integrated exercise programs, sports performance programs, and therapeutic (rehabilitation) interventions.

Human Movement Specialist (HMS) Certification

Pre-approved for Continuing Education Credits for:

Deep Longitudinal Subsystem

Course Description: Deep Longitudinal Subsystem

Deep Longitudinal Subsystem Study Guide

Study Guide: Deep Longitudinal Subsystem 

The DLS is comprised of muscles with a propensity to act synergistically; rarely do these muscles act as prime movers. This subsystem plays an important role in the motion of the 

, sacroiliac joints, and spine, and may aid in proprioception by altering recruitment strategies based on the load and stretch imparted on the system during heel strike. The DLS is active during gait, forward bending (more so when knees are near full extension), and lumbar extension, and eccentrically decelerates spine flexion,

 inversion. Over-activity of the DLS is often accompanied by relative inhibition of the

The deep longitudinal subsystem

Function

Signs of DLS Dysfunction 

Introduction: Deep Longitudinal Subsystem

Communicating Fascial Structures

Layers of the thoracolumbar fascia with supporting muscles including the latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, psoas, and iliacus

Deep Laminae of the Posterior Layer (DL) of the Thoracolumbar Fascia (TLF):

The location of the sacrotuberous ligament on the pelvis

Sacrotuberous Ligament

Erector Spinae

Image of the piriformis muscle (but also note the bicep femoris and posterior fibers of adductor magnus)

Biceps Femoris, Piriformis, Deep Rotators, and Adductor Magnus

Fibularis (Peroneal) Muscles

The location and attachment of the rhomboid muscles on the scapula and thoracic spine

Rhomboids

The cervical muscles including the splenius, trapezius, and levator scapulae

Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis (Splenii)

Research Corner

Muscles investing in the deep laminae (DL) of the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) include the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis, superficial fascia of the rhomboids, and erector spinae.

The DL may serve to reinforce the extensor retinaculum as it inflates to optimize fiber direction and moment arms, restricts radial expansion of the erector spinae, and aids in eccentric deceleration of flexion.

Muscles investing in the sacrotuberous ligament include the piriformis obturator internus (and deep rotators), biceps femoris, and adductor magnus.

The various subsystems may interact via fusions between the layers of the TLF at junctions like the lateral raphe, sacral composite, and sacrotuberous ligament.

Research has demonstrated that shear strain (gliding) between posterior layers of the TLF may be reduced in those exhibiting dysfunction (11, 12). Direct pressure via a foam roll or manual techniques may increase extensibility; however, stretching may not (13 - 15).

The erector spinae is thought of as a keystone structure of the muscles investing in the DL due to its size and attachments from cranium to sacrotuberous ligament, its function as a prime mover in lumbar extension, and the significant research detailing the attributes exhibited when dysfunction results in over-activity. Assessed alterations in activity in length of the erector spinae should be attributed to all muscles investing in the DL and treated accordingly.

The biceps femoris is considered a keystone structure of the muscles investing in the sacrotuberous ligament due to the muscles relative size, the attachments from sacrotuberous ligament to fibular head, the significant amount of research detailing the muscle's activity relative to the gluteus maximus, and the relative ease of assessing this muscle compared to other muscles investing in the sacrotuberous ligament. Assessed alterations in activity in length of the biceps femoris should be attributed to all muscles investing in the sacrotuberous ligament and treated accordingly.

The fibularis muscles extend the DLS from knee toankle via fascial continuity with the biceps femoris at the fibular head.

The rhomboids extend the DLS from the thoracic spine to scapula, inspiring consideration of core subsystem involvement in scapular motion.

The splenius capitis and splenius cervicis reinforce the notion that the DLS extends up to the cranium, inspiring the consideration of a foot-to-head subsystem.

All muscles of the DLS have a propensity toward over-activity: 

The upper body muscles of the DLS (those investing in the DL) have a propensity to be "short" in postural dysfunction - splenius capitis and splenius cervicis, rhomboids, and erector spinae

The lower body muscle (those investing in the sacrotuberous ligament have a propensity to be long) - piriformis, obturator internus (and deep rotators), biceps femoris, and adductor magnus

A runner with a potential of having an overactive deep longitudinal subsystem

Note the female runner and potential DLS dominance (knee valgus and tibial external rotation in swing phase).

Summary of Research Findings

The Deep Longitudinal Subsystem (DLS) eccentrically decelerates leg swing during gait, and may act as a proprioceptive mechanism to rate heel strike force, and reflexively aid in the recruitment of propulsion muscles. During the swing phase of gait (hip flexion/knee extension), tension and activity increase in the lower extremity muscles of the DLS, peaking during heel strike and the initiation of propulsion (97 - 101). Research has also demonstrated that the stretch-shortening cycle (muscle spindle excitation) and afferentation (sural nerve, bottom of foot) at the end of the swing phase alters recruitment of the 

 (102-103). Due to a "law of parsimony" hierarchy in the body, lower-level activities often rely on smaller synergists for motion, and larger prime movers are not recruited unless motion is resisted by an external force. In this way, the muscle spindle excitation and additional afferentation from structures of the DLS during heel strike may be the difference between relying only on the DLS, or additionally recruiting larger muscles from the 

 during tasks like walking uphill or stair-climbing (101 - 104).

Sacroiliac Joint (SIJ) Stability during Functional Tasks

As mentioned above, increased activity of the DLS muscles increases tension in the sacrotuberous ligament, which may resist nutation, contribute to 

, and increase stiffness of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) (16, 17, 19, 20, 105). This may have important implications relative to SIJ stabilization for gait and other high-intensity activities. For example, as the innominate posteriorly rotates on the sacrum (nutation) during the swing phase of gate, tension develops in the lower extremity DLS muscles increasing tension in the sacrotuberous ligament. The tension may aid in eccentrically decelerating nutation and is highest around heel strike (97 - 101) when increased rigidity of the SIJ and pelvis would be most beneficial for transferring force from hip muscles to the lower extremity for the initiation of propulsion. This same mechanism would be beneficial for higher intensity tasks such as stair-climbing, sprinting,

 when stability of the pelvis and SIJ may be essential for optimal performance and reducing the risk of

 Lumbo Pelvic Hip Complex Dysfunction (LPHCD)

As mentioned above, many of the muscles of the DLS are synergists, acting to assist larger prime-movers. This is especially true of the extension mechanism that is essential for gait and lifting. Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between dysfunction, a reduction in relative 

 activity (106 - 112). Visually, this may present as an increase in the lumbar lordosis during gait, and/or a reliance on lumbar flexion and extension (as opposed to 

 flexion and extension) during bent-over lifting. Although it may be important to have an alternative movement pattern or set of motor units to maintain function during fatigued or dysfunctional states, research and practice imply that that dominance of one system results in a decrease in the activity of the other. That is, targeting the muscles of the DLS with strengthening techniques is likely to increase reliance on the DLS, and reduce reliance on the larger more powerful muscles of the

Clinically it has been noted that lifting nearer to full 

, resisted adduction during squatting, stepping, and gait increases reliance on 

, and targeted interventions for any muscle of the DLS prior to functional tasks will increase the targeted muscles activity. To increase reliance on the

, research suggests the following cues may be beneficial (113 - 117):

Cue the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM)

Cue posterior tilting (to neutral, do not lift with a posterior pelvic tilt)

Band resisted hip abduction during bridging, squatting, deadlifting, etc.

More on Function

Overhead Squat Assessment (OHSA) with modification (heel rise)

Compensation and Models of Postural Dysfunction

Practical Application

Best-use and Progressions 

Biceps Femoris (Self-Administered) Static Release

Biceps Femoris (Self-administered) Dynamic Release Technique

Biceps Femoris Vibration Release

Biceps Femoris Manual Static Release

Videos

Tibialis anterior activation (no equipment)

Sample Program: Knees Bow Out

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Barker, P. J., & Briggs, C. A. (2007). Anatomy and biomechanics of the lumbar fasciae: implications for lumbopelvic control and clinical practice. In

 Movement, Stability & Lumbopelvic Pain (Second Edition)

Gracovetsky, S. (1990). Musculoskeletal function of the spine.

 Multiple Muscle Systems: Biomechanics and Movement Organization

Fan, C., Fede, C., Gaudreault, N., Porzionato, A., Macchi, V., De Caro, R., & Stecco, C. (2018). Anatomical and functional relationships between the external abdominal oblique muscle and the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia.

Schuenke, M. D., Vleeming, A., Van Hoof, T., & Willard, F. H. (2012). A description of the lumbar interfascial triangle and its relation with the lateral raphe: anatomical constituents of load transfer through the lateral margin of the thoracolumbar fascia.

Vleeming, A., Volkers, A. C. W., Snijders, C. J., & Stoeckart, R. (1990). Relation Between Form and Function in the Sacroiliac Joint: Part II: Biomechanical Aspects.

Kim, T., Yoo, W., An, D., Oh, J., Shin, S. (2013). The effects of different gait speeds and lower arm weight on the activities of the latissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, and gluteus maximus.

Stevens, V.K., Vleeming, A., Bouche, KG., Mahieu, N.N., Vanderstraeten, G.G., Danneels, L.A. Electromyograhpic activity of trunk and hip muscles during stabilization exercises in four-point kneeling in healthy volunteers. European Spine Journal, 2007. 16: 711-718.

Hukins, D. W. L., Aspden, R. M., & Hickey, D. S. (1990). Thorecolumlbar fascia can increase the efficiency of the erector spinae muscles.

Langevin, H., Fox, R., Koptiuch, C., Badger, G., Greenan-Nauman, A., Bouffard, N., Konofagou, E., Lee, W., Triano, J., Henry, S. (2011) Reduced thoracolumbar fascia shear strain in human low back pain. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 12: 203.

De Coninck, K., Hambly, K., Dickinson, J. W., & Passfield, L. (2017). Measuring the morphological characteristics of ultrasound images of thoracolumbar fascia: an inter-rater reliability study.

Wong, K. K., Chai, H. M., Chen, Y. J., Wang, C. L., Shau, Y. W., & Wang, S. F. (2017). Mechanical deformation of posterior thoracolumbar fascia after myofascial release in healthy men: A study of dynamic ultrasound imaging.

Griefahn, A., Oehlmann, J., Zalpour, C., & von Piekartz, H. (2017). Do exercises with the Foam Roller have a short-term impact on the thoracolumbar fascia?–A randomized controlled trial.

 Journal of bodywork and movement therapies

Blain, M., Dinova, D., Bellin, M. F., Rocher, L., Gagey, O., Soubeyrand, M., & Creze, M. (2018). Influence of posterior thoracolumbar fascia stretching on lumbar back muscle stiffness: a supersonic shear wave elastography approach.

Vleeming, A., van Wingerden, J.P., Buyruk, H.M., Raissadat, K. Stabilization of the sacroiliac joint in vivo: verification of muscular contribution to force closure of the pelvis. European Spine Journal, 2004. 13: 199-205

Wingerden, J. V., Vleeming, A., Snijders, C. J., & Stoeckart, R. (1993). A functional-anatomical approach to the spine-pelvis mechanism: interaction between the biceps femoris muscle and the sacrotuberous ligament.

Woodley, S. J., Kennedy, E., & Mercer, S. R. (2005). Anatomy in practice: the sacrotuberous ligament.

Vleeming, A., Stoeckart, R., & Snijders, C. J. (1989). The sacrotuberous ligament: a conceptual approach to its dynamic role in stabilizing the sacroiliac joint.

Vleeming, A., Van Wingerden, J. P., Snijders, C. J., Stoeckart, R., & Stijnen, T. (1989). Load application to the sacrotuberous ligament; influences on sacroiliac joint mechanics.

Bogduk, N., Macintosh, J. E., & Pearcy, M. J. (1992). A universal model of the lumbar back muscles in the upright position.

Granata, K. P., & Marras, W. S. (1995). Coactivity on Dynamic Spinal Loads.

Crisco Iii, J. J., & Panjabi, M. M. (1991). The intersegmental and multisegmental muscles of the lumbar spine: a biomechanical model comparing lateral stabilizing potential.

Andersson, E. A., Grundström, H., & Thorstensson, A. (2002). Diverging intramuscular activity patterns in back and abdominal muscles during trunk rotation.

McGill, S. M., Hughson, R. L., & Parks, K. (2000). Changes in lumbar lordosis modify the role of the extensor muscles. Clinical Biomechanics, 15(10), 777-780.

Boyd-Clark, L. C., Briggs, C. A., & Galea, M. P. (2002). Muscle spindle distribution, morphology, and density in longus colli and multifidus muscles of the cervical spine.

Amonoo-Kuofi, H. S. (1983). The density of muscle spindles in the medial , intermediate and lateral columns of human intrinsic postvertebral muscles.

Danneels, L. A., Vanderstraeten, G. G., Cambier, D. C., Witvrouw, E. E., Stevens, V. K., & De Cuyper, H. J. (2001). A functional subdivision of hip, abdominal, and back muscles during asymmetric lifting.

Dofferhof, A. S., & Vink, P. (1985). The stabilising function of the mm. iliocostales and the mm. multifidi during walking.

Cassisi, J. E., Robinson, M. E., O’conner, P., & MacMillan, M. (1993). Trunk strength and lumbar paraspinal muscle activity during isometric exercise in chronic low-back pain patients and controls.

Nicolaisen, T., & Jørgensen, K. (1985). Trunk strength, back muscle endurance and low-back trouble.

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Jorgensen, K., & Nicolaisen, T. O. M. (1987). Trunk extensor endurance: determination and relation to low-back trouble.

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 Modern manual therapy of the vertebral column

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Biceps Femoris, Adductors, Piriformis and Deep Rotators

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 Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy

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Hasegawa, K. T., Hori, S., Tsujita, J., & Dawson, M. L. (2001). Effects of Stretching Exercises on Vastus Medialis and Vastus Lateralis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(5), S10.

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Deep Longitudinal Subsystem (DLS)

Related Courses:

Course Description: Deep Longitudinal Subsystem

Study Guide: Deep Longitudinal Subsystem

Introduction: Deep Longitudinal Subsystem
2 Sub Sections

Research Corner
8 Sub Sections

Summary of Research Findings

More on Function

Compensation and Models of Postural Dysfunction
3 Sub Sections

Videos
4 Sub Sections

Sample Program: Knees Bow Out

Bibliography

Related Courses:

Comments

Guest

Deep Longitudinal Subsystem (DLS)

Related Courses:

Course Description: Deep Longitudinal Subsystem

Study Guide: Deep Longitudinal Subsystem

Introduction: Deep Longitudinal Subsystem2 Sub Sections

Research Corner8 Sub Sections

Summary of Research Findings

More on Function

Compensation and Models of Postural Dysfunction3 Sub Sections

Videos4 Sub Sections

Sample Program: Knees Bow Out

Bibliography

Related Courses:

Comments

Guest

Introduction: Deep Longitudinal Subsystem
2 Sub Sections

Research Corner
8 Sub Sections

Compensation and Models of Postural Dysfunction
3 Sub Sections

Videos
4 Sub Sections