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Integrated functional anatomy of the internal obliques. Attachments, nerves, palpation, joint actions, arthrokinematics, fascia, triggerpoints, and behavior in postural dysfunction. Common exercises and stretches for the core and oblique muscles.

Internal Obliques

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I have almost completed my CPT certification and am half-way through the Human Movement certification to inform my massage practice. The different modalities of reading, watching audiovisual materials, and attending live or recorded webinars have been important to my learning style and for review.

Brookbush Institute has the most detailed, specific and effective tools for online learning for movement and/or bodywork professionals. I love the combination of the videos as well as the text available online.

I recently completed the CPT course. It was demanding yet practical. I would highly recommend it for anyone wanting an education about human movement.

I have my personal trainer certificate through here and am almost finished my human movement specialist certification. Overall, the education that Brookbush has packaged together for clinicians and trainers is invaluable. I am a physio assistant so coming from more of a rehab background I appreciate that this education has been beneficial both as a trainer and in a rehab setting. I love that I have been able to do all learning at my own pace and able to work around my schedule. Thank you for setting up this platform! Highly recommend :)

I have been a massage therapist for 10 yrs and I feel like all the “pieces” I’ve learned throughout the yrs have been put into place and can see the full picture. I am also a member to tons of great content since I love to learn! I plan to get my CPT through them as well.

I have been following Brent Brookbush for nearly a decade- back when I was a personal Trainer and now as a Physical Therapist. BBI is an incredible resource for any movement nerds and corrective exercise specialists! The information is thorough with multiple real world applications. I am looking forward to an in-person Manual Therapist course the second they do one a little bit closer to Virginia ;)

I have taken both the Human Movement Specialist and Certified Personal Trainer certificate programs and have found the value in understanding the how and ways the body moves and functions and from evidence, non-biased, outcome, conceptual, theoretical, and practical approach to helping my clients/patients look better, feel better, and move better.

Over the last years I've returned time and again to Brookbush Institute for stellar coursework as I've worked toward a Human Movement Specialist certification. (I'm currently ACE CPT, and in training with Anatomy Trains for Structural Integration Manual Therapy.) Every Brookbush Institute module is fantastic and each one includes detailed informational videos, written descriptions of how to-do, and, more importantly, why to-do!

I am a 70 yr old chiropractor and no other healthcare provider was able to come up with an exercise protocol particular to my structural and balances and muscle deficits and keep me in the game. And as for continuing education on human skeletal movement, the website is phenomenal full of great exercises for particular mechanical dysfunction.

The H.M.S. is the most valuable certificate I have earned and was a fraction of the the cost of my others. Define the best bang for your buck!

Brookbush is the most efficient Personal Training Certification I have ever come across. All the lessons are well thought out and very straight to the point.

I am getting my Master's degree in Kinesiology, and I would like to say that I have benefited greatly from the rich, comprehensive, well-documented scientific content of Brookbush Institute that links theory to practical applications. Proudly I've got my CPT certificate, and I am on my way to get my HMS certificate.

Having courses count towards different certifications makes it so users can transition seamlessly from one certification to another. In my case, going from earning the BI CPT to earning the BI HMS was an easy decision and I am proud to have earned both certifications. I have also had the pleasure of going to a Live HMS workshop that was well taught by Instructor Boettcher and that was excellent to see how the methods and techniques are implemented.



I have been a member of BBI for years and every course I have taken has been incredibly informative. I learn more from these courses than I do at local CEU courses for my PTA license. I also earned my CPT and HMS certifications through the platform. It was so convenient and the content was top notch! Forever member.

We learn principles in academia, we learn cool new modalities via whatever specialty certification, but BBI really concentrates on the nuances of passive treatment and they do a fantastic job. The format in which BBI instructs soft tissue specialists (DPTs, Chiros, ATs) like myself feels like almost like an apprenticeship. You get a thoroughly detailed explanation of the “why’s”, and a visual comprehension of how to apply. Personally, I believe application is where the good and the great are distinguished.

Brookbush has been incredibly helpful since I was in massage school and now as I’m in my career! I run my own practice and it gives me the resources I need to not only improve what I already know, but also help me navigate better, more efficient ways of treatment.

Totally loving the convenience and affordability of this program with my crazy lifestyle! I feel like I am getting a quality education without a massive cost! My favorite part is the videos I can watch in the courses. I learn so much better that way. Once I really spent more time on the site, I figured out how to maneuver around a lot better! I enjoy the sense of humor, as well as the easy explanation, and short tests. And if I am really tired, I can have the computer read me the lessons. 😁

Challenging concepts are explained in very understandable terms without dumbing down the material, and I find this program to be superior in quality to other personal training programs.

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This course describes the anatomy and integrated function of the internal oblique muscle (a.k.a. the obliques, internal abdominal oblique, oblique muscles, deep core muscles). The internal obliques originate on the inguinal ligament and iliac crest and insert into the linea alba (sharing an attachment with the transverse abdominis). This muscle is located in the lateral abdominal wall, deep to the external obliques, but superficial to the transverse abdominis. Research is not available on the fiber type composition of the oblique muscles; however, it may be reasonable to suggest that the proportion of type I muscle fibers and type II muscle fibers is similar to the rectus abdominis and fairly even. The internal oblique muscles cross the torso and pelvis, influencing motion of the pelvis, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, and ribs. The obliques are the primary rotators of the lumbar spine, will contribute to flexion during bilateral contraction, and lateral flexion during unilateral contraction, as well as a posterior pelvic tilt, a lateral pelvic tilt, and increasing intra-abdominal pressure and spine/pelvis stability. This course also describes the role of the internal obliques in facet joint arthrokinematics, fascial integration (connective tissue relationship between abdominal wall muscles), postural dysfunction, and subsystem integration. Sports medicine professionals (personal trainers, fitness instructors, physical therapists, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, athletic trainers, etc.) must be aware of the integrated function of the internal oblique muscles for the detailed analysis of human movement, and the development of sophisticated exercise programs and therapeutic (rehabilitation) interventions. Further, this course is essential knowledge for future courses discussing injury prevention and physical rehabilitation /physical therapy (e.g. “weak core,” abdominal wall pain, diastasis recti, hip flexor strain, sports hernias, groin injury, anterior pubic ligament injury, low back pain), the synergistic function of the internal obliques (e.g. connective tissue and synergistic relationship between bilateral contraction of the internal obliques, intrinsic stabilization subsystem integration, and hip flexor activity) and internal oblique muscle specific exercises and techniques for enhancing sports performance (e.g. ensuring ideal oblique length for optimal core stability, strength, power, hypertrophy, etc.).

Brookbush Institute’s most recommended techniques for the Internal Obliques (see videos below):

Transverse Abdominis Isolated Activation (Quadrupeds)

The internal oblique muscles on the ribcage, pelvis, and linea alba

 Course Description: Internal Obliques

Introduction

 - early 15c., from Medieval Latin internalis or from Latin internus "within, inward," expanded from pre-Latin *interos, *interus "on the inside, inward." (

 - early 15c., from Middle French oblique (14c.) and directly from Latin obliquus "slanting, sidelong, indirect," from ob "against" (see 

 (n.1)). As a type of muscles, in reference to the axis of the body, 1610s (adj.), 1800 (n.). (

Internal Obliques - By Henry Vandyke Carter - Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body (Image: Bartleby.com: Gray's Anatomy, Plate 395, Public Domain, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle#/media/File:Gray395.png)

Attachment and Innervation

Attachment & Innervation: Internal Obliques

Relative Location

Where are the Internal Obliques Located?

Palpation

Comparison of fiber arrangement of the internal obliques, external oblqiues, and transverse abdominis

Palpating the Internal Obliques

Introduction to the Internal Obliques

Actions

 Flexion, ipsilateral rotation (prime mover), and ipsilateral flexion (1-4, 20-23).

 Posterior tilt (this may contribute to sacral nutation) (1, 9).

 Compress and support lower abdominal viscera, aid in lumbar stabilization, and contribute to force closure of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) (1-2, 6, 10-12, 31-32).

The internal obliques are involved in the stabilization of the thorax, lumbar spine, sacroiliac joint, and pubic symphysis (1-2, 9-12, 30-31). Although the internal obliques perform similar actions as the 

, they "behave" more like the transverse abdominis. Studies have demonstrated these 

 are active during rotation (21), have the potential to contribute to side bending (22), and may contribute to flexion via transmission of force through the semilunar lines (23). However, the internal obliques exhibit increased activity with increases in respiration and gait speed (similar to the transverse abdominis) (61), are recruited 

 when lifting asymmetric loads (unlike the 

) (24), and activity increases when the spine is compressed, perhaps contributing to an “unloading/decompression” force that accompanies an increase in intra-abdominal pressure (31, 32).

Eccentric deceleration of contralateral rotation of the spine (33).

This has been referred to as "anti-rotation", and may be the most important function of the internal and 

. The ability to decelerate and stabilize the spine against rotation, and/or rotation and extension forces is paramount to preventing injury.

Eccentric deceleration of extension of the spine.

Eccentric deceleration of contralateral flexion of the spine.

Eccentric deceleration of pelvic anterior tilting, lumbosacral extension, and sacroiliac nutation.

Deceleration of these actions is particularly important in preventing excessive reduction of the neural foramina.

 are the prime mover of trunk rotation, contracting in conjunction with the contralateral internal oblique. Additional synergists include the ipsilateral 

, ipsilateral multifidus, and ipsilateral 

Lumbar Flexion and Posterior Pelvic Tilting

 is the prime mover of lumbar flexion and posterior tilting of the pelvis (1, 3-4, 23, 29, 30, 35). The internal obliques are synergists along with the 

Lateral Flexion of the Spine and Lateral Tilt of the Pelvis

 are likely the prime mover for lateral flexion of the spine and lateral tilting of the pelvis, and the quadratus lumborum, internal obliques and 

Increased Intra-abdominal Pressure and Thoracolumbar Fascia Stiffness

Studies have demonstrated that the internal obliques, along with the transverse abdominis, lumbar multifidus, pelvic floor, and potentially the diaphragm are activated prior to any limb movement (2, 36-37). This synergy is believed to be important for lumbopelvic stabilization and may be referred to as the 

. The internal obliques contribute to stabilization by investing in the thoracolumbar fascia and linea alba bilaterally, forming a "tourniquet" that wraps around the abdomen. This enables the internal obliques to contribute to lumbar stiffness via a lateral force on the spinous process (primarily below L3) via the thoracolumbar fascia, stabilization of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) via compression (force closure), and increased intra-abdominal pressure by decreasing intra-abdominal volume (62 - 64).

During forceful exhalation, the internal obliques function synergistically with the 

 to decrease the circumference of the abdominal tourniquet and depress the ribs and costal cartilage. This decreases intrathoracic space and increases intra-abdominal pressure (1-2, 23, 29-30, 35). Further, the internal obliques may merge or have fascial continuity with the internal intercostals between the floating ribs, which may suggest a synergistic relationship with these respiratory muscles.

The layering of the abdominal muscles including the external and internal obliques

The layering of the abdominals demonstrating the dept of the internal obliques compared to the external obliques. - http://clinicalgate.com/anatomy-and-mechanics-of-the-abdominal-muscles/

Arthrokinematics

Vertebral boney landmarks including the transverse process and spinous process

Internal Oblique Muscle Actions

Fascial Integration

Anteriorly, the internal oblique fascia is continuous with the rectus sheath, linea alba, and conjoint tendon and invests in the crest of the pubis. Above the arcuate line (the level of the umbilicus), the internal obliques split at the semilunar lines and continue to the linea alba by coursing both anterior and posterior to the 

 (5-9, 19). Below the arcuate line, the fascia of the internal obliques, 

, and transverse abdominis merge at the semilunar lines and only run anterior to the 

 (5-9, 19). The most caudal fibers of the internal oblique fascia continue to fuse with the aponeurosis of the transverse abdominis to form the conjoint tendon, which aids in reinforcing the inguinal canal before continuing on to invest in the crest of the pubis and medial part of the pectineal line (5-8). The attachments to the pubis may imply some fascial continuity with the adductor tendons, in particular the 

. The more cranial fibers and fascia of the anterior portion of the internal obliques may exhibit fascial continuity with the internal intercostals between the floating ribs. Posteriorly, the 

 invest in the middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia along with the transverse abdominis (1-6).

Subsystems

The muscles that make up the rectus sheath, including internal oblique, external oblique, rectus abdominis, and transverse abdominis

Behavior in Postural Dysfunction

 (3, 39, 47-50). As mentioned above, although the internal obliques perform the same actions as the 

 (with the exception of rotation in the opposite direction), the internal obliques behave like the transverse abdominis and muscles of the 

. Studies discussed below demonstrate that dysfunction is likely to result in, or result from, transverse abdominis and internal oblique under-activity, and the opposing change from the 

 which have a propensity to become over-active.

Several studies have investigated the EMG activity of the internal obliques during various exercises. Sparkes et al. demonstrated preferential recruitment of the internal obliques, when compared to 

 with opposite arm/leg raise (66). Do et al. used ultrasound (US) to demonstrate increased thickness (stronger contraction) of the transverse abdominis and internal obliques during a plank, increased thickness when an unstable surface was placed under the upper extremity, and a larger increase in thickness when an unstable surface was placed under the lower extremity (67). These studies demonstrate that 

 preferentially recruit the internal obliques (and transverse abdominis) and that increasing instability may be used to progress exercise. Anderson et al. compared push-ups to push-ups with feet on a stability ball, hands-on a balance board, or both, demonstrating that increasing the challenge to stability increased core muscle activity (including the internal obliques) with dual instability resulting in the most activity (68). Norwood et al. demonstrated internal oblique (and core muscle) activity increased when bench press was performed with an unstable surface under the upper or lower body, and like Anderson et al. demonstrated the largest increase in activity with dual instability (69) These studies suggest that in addition to core exercise, adding instability to resistance training exercise, may also increase internal oblique recruitment. Last, several studies investigate the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) and internal oblique recruitment. Mew et al. demonstrated that the abdominal drawing-in maneuver resulted in the greatest muscle thickness in the transverse abdominis and internal obliques in standing when compared to hook lying; however, the greatest change in thickness between resting and active for the obliques was noted in the hook lying position (70). An interesting study by Chan et al. demonstrated that the ADIM increased both internal oblique activity and the gluteus medius and 

 activity during clams, side-lying hip abduction, and prone hip extensions (71). A study by Chon et al. demonstrated that adding dorsiflexion to exercises using the ADIM increased transverse abdominis activity, as well as internal oblique activity (72). In summary, 

 preferentially recruit the internal obliques (and transverse abdominis), adding unstable environments to core or resistance training exercise increases core muscle activity, and the ADIM may increase internal oblique activity (and transverse abdominis) and optimize recruitment of stabilizing musculature during various exercises and functional tasks.

The Brookbush Institute (BI) does not attempt to address internal oblique activity in isolation, as mentioned above, studies demonstrate that the internal obliques are included in interventions intended for the integration of the 

 and/or activation of the Transverse Abdominis. This includes "

", as well as cueing the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) during exercise and functional activities.

 may result in the internal obliques exhibiting a decrease in activity relative to changes in core subsystem recruitment. In those exhibiting signs of 

 may become over-active and synergistically dominant for relative inhibition of the 

 (including the internal obliques). The altered activity of these subsystems, in particular the inhibition of the 

, leads to reliance on the prime movers for stability, including the 

 forward or adduct and the spine may stay relatively neutral because the over-activity of the anterior trunk muscles are balanced by over-activity of the 

 is performed again with hands on the pelvis, the individual will usually exhibit signs of lumbar flexion or an 

 are no longer taut and resisting the activity of the over-active 

Lumbo Pelvic Hip Complex Dysfunction (LPHCD)

 and low back pain are correlated with a decrease in internal oblique and transverse abdominis activity, and an increase in 

 activity. Hodges et al. demonstrated that the internal obliques and the transverse 

 fired before lower extremity activity in asymptomatic individuals, and both muscles exhibited latent firing patterns in those with low back pain (36). In two studies by Ng et al., decreased internal obliques activity and increased 

 activity was noted during static and dynamic rotation of the spine in those exhibiting symptoms of low back pain (20, 51). In studies by O'Sullivan et al. and Hungerford et al., decreased internal obliques activity was correlated with "swayback" posture and SIJ pain (27, 65). Further, Cholewicki et al. demonstrated that delayed trunk muscle reactivity (including the internal obliques) was a predictor of future low back pain (52). Although they are often omitted in the discussion of muscle recruitment and the lumbar spine, activity of the internal obliques is commonly investigated in conjunction with the transverse abdominis. In summary, the internal obliques exhibit a propensity to mirror activity of the transverse abdominis, including decreased activity in those exhibiting pain or dysfunction of the low back, and/or SIJ.

 Several studies mentioned above allude to the relationship between the SIJ and 

. Specifically, the study by van Wingerden et al. demonstrated that the muscles of the abdominal tourniquet (including the internal obliques) increased thoracolumbar fascia tension and contributed to force closure (stabilization via compression) of the sacroiliac joint (63). Further, the study by Hungerford et al. demonstrated that the internal obliques are likely to exhibit under-activity in those with SIJ pain (65). It is recommended that following specific interventions to address asymmetry in mobility, stiffness, and stability of the SIJ and hip joints, that 

 exercises are performed to aid in optimal stabilization of the SIJ.

, the activity of the internal obliques may be altered in conjunction with altered recruitment of the core subsystems. As in 

 over-activity, relative to inhibition of the 

 this altered behavior contributes to or is correlated with an 

. A prospective study Zazulak et al. demonstrated that a delay in trunk muscle reactivity (including the internal obliques) was correlated with a higher risk of future knee injury (59). This likely implies that core exercise consistently be part of exercise programs designed for optimizing recovery or performance of the lower extremity.

Brookbush/Grieve (56) Sacroiliac Joint (SIJ) Dysfunction Movement Assessment Cluster:

"Top tier exam" used to identify asymmetry and imply further SIJ assessment

Unilateral Pelvic Tilt: Posterior tilted innominate correlated with stiffer side

Costovertebral and costotransverse joint pain

Trigger Points and Referral Pain Patterns:

Active trigger points in the internal and 

 have the potential for referral pain patterns that extend into the chest, down toward the pelvis, and obliquely across the 

 (2). Further, active trigger points in the internal obliques can produce symptoms similar to heartburn, appendicitis, pelvic pain syndromes, and urinary tract disease (2). These visceral-like symptoms can easily confound or be correlated with visceral dysfunction (2, 57-60). Careful assessment and referral to a physician should be considered when a clear delineation cannot be made between visceral dysfunction and trigger points in the abdomen.

Release techniques for the internal obliques are generally ineffective. This is likely due to the internal obliques rarely presenting with active trigger points, the difficulty in attempting release techniques on a muscle that has nothing to press the muscle against (e.g. bone), and pincer release being difficult or impractical due to the closely packed layers of fascia and abdominal muscle.

The internal obliques cannot be differentiated from the 

 or transverse abdominis with manual palpation. However, the manual therapist can evaluate the abdominal muscles as a group, for the presence of trigger points. This is generally performed with the individual in supine or on their contralateral side, taking deep, diaphragmatic breaths to passively stretch the abdominal musculature and increase pressure sensitivity (2). The human movement professional can then use oblique pressure to identify acute points of increased tissue density, acute points of pain pressure sensitivity, or points that result in referral pain and replication of the patient's symptoms. Common trigger point locations specific to the internal obliques include the inferior margin of the tips of ribs 6-12, and/or close to the pubic bone (2).

Postural Dysfunction and the Internal Obliques

Techniques and Ending Info

Transverse Abdominis Isolated Activation (Quadrupeds):

Techniques for the Internal Obliques

Peterson Kendall, F., Kendall McCreary, E., Geise Provance, P., McIntyre Rodgers, M., & Anthony Romani, W. (2005). 

Muscles: Testing and Function with Posture and Pain

 (5th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Donnelly, J. M., Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C., Finnegan, M., & Freeman, J. L. (2019). 

Travell, Simons & Simons' Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual

 (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System

Hollinshead's Functional Anatomy of the Limbs and Back

 (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier.

Clinical anatomy of the spine, spinal cord, and Ans

Grays Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice

Seeras, K., & Prakash, S. (2018). Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Anterolateral Abdominal Wall. In 

Basic human anatomy: a regional study of human structure

DeRosa, C., & Porterfield, J. A. (2007). Anatomical linkages and muscle slings of the lumbopelvic region. 

Barker, P. J., Briggs, C. A., & Bogeski, G. (2004). Tensile transmission across the lumbar fasciae in unembalmed cadavers: effects of tension to various muscular attachments. 

Vleeming, A., Schuenke, M. D., Danneels, L., & Willard, F. H. (2014). The functional coupling of the deep abdominal and paraspinal muscles: the effects of simulated paraspinal muscle contraction on force transfer to the middle and posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia. 

Willard, F. H., Vleeming, A., Schuenke, M. D., Danneels, L., & Schleip, R. (2012). The thoracolumbar fascia: anatomy, function and clinical considerations. 

Barker, P. J., & Briggs, C. A. (1999). Attachments of the posterior layer of lumbar fascia. 

Vleeming, A., Pool-Goudzwaard, A. L., Stoeckart, R., van Wingerden, J. P., & Snijders, C. J. (1995). The posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia. 

Hodges, P. W., & Richardson, C. A. (1996). Inefficient muscular stabilization of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain: a motor control evaluation of transversus abdominis. 

Hodges, P. W., & Richardson, C. A. (1997). Feedforward contraction of transversus abdominis is not influenced by the direction of arm movement. 

Tesh, K. M., Dunn, J. S., & Evans, J. H. (1987). The abdominal muscles and vertebral stability. 

Gracovetsky, S., Farfan, H., & Helleur, C. (1985). The abdominal mechanism. 

Rizk, N. N. (1980). A new description of the anterior abdominal wall in man and mammals. 

Ng, J. K. F., Richardson, C. A., Parnianpour, M., & Kippers, V. (2002). EMG activity of trunk muscles and torque output during isometric axial rotation exertion: a comparison between back pain patients and matched controls. 

McGill, S. M. (1991). Kinetic potential of the lumbar trunk musculature about three orthogonal orthopaedic axes in extreme postures. 

McGill, S. M. (1991). Electromyographic activity of the abdominal and low back musculature during the generation of isometric and dynamic axial trunk torque: implications for lumbar mechanics. 

McGill, S. M. (1992). A myoelectrically based dynamic three-dimensional model to predict loads on lumbar spine tissues during lateral bending. 

Danneels, L. A., Vanderstraeten, G. G., Cambier, D. C., Witvrouw, E. E., Stevens, V. K., & De Cuyper, H. J. (2001). A functional subdivision of hip, abdominal, and back muscles during asymmetric lifting. 

Cholewicki, J., Panjabi, M. M., & Khachatryan, A. (1997). Stabilizing function of trunk flexor‐extensor muscles around a neutral spine posture. 

Andersson, E. A., Grundström, H., & Thorstensson, A. (2002). Diverging intramuscular activity patterns in back and abdominal muscles during trunk rotation. 

O’sullivan, P. B., Grahamslaw, K. M., Kendell, M., Lapenskie, S. C., Möller, N. E., & Richards, K. V. (2002). The effect of different standing and sitting postures on trunk muscle activity in a pain-free population. 

Ito, K., Nonaka, K., Ogaya, S., Ogi, A., Matsunaka, C., & Horie, J. (2016). Surface electromyography activity of the rectus abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique muscles during forced expiration in healthy adults. 

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology

De, A. T., & Estenne, M. (1988). Functional anatomy of the respiratory muscles. 

Levangie, P. K., Norkin, C. C., & Lewek, M. D. (2019). 

Joint Structure & Function: A Comprehensive Analysis

 (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis.

Juker, D., McGill, S., Kropf, P., & Steffen, T. (1998). Quantitative intramuscular myoelectric activity of lumbar portions of psoas and the abdominal wall during a wide variety of tasks. 

Medicine and science in sports and exercise

Stokes, I. A., Gardner-Morse, M. G., & Henry, S. M. (2010). Intra-abdominal pressure and abdominal wall muscular function: spinal unloading mechanism. 

Hodges, P., Cresswell, A., & Thorstensson, A. (1999). Preparatory trunk motion accompanies rapid upper limb movement. 

Low Back Disorders: Evidence-Based Prevention and Rehabilitation

 (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Internal Obliques

Related Courses:

Course Description: Internal Obliques

Introduction to the Internal Obliques
3 Sub Sections

Internal Oblique Muscle Actions
1 Sub Section

Fascial Integration
1 Sub Section

Postural Dysfunction and the Internal Obliques

Techniques for the Internal Obliques

Bibliography

Related Courses:

Comments

Guest

Internal Obliques

Related Courses:

Course Description: Internal Obliques

Introduction to the Internal Obliques3 Sub Sections

Internal Oblique Muscle Actions1 Sub Section

Fascial Integration1 Sub Section

Postural Dysfunction and the Internal Obliques

Techniques for the Internal Obliques

Bibliography

Related Courses:

Comments

Guest

Introduction to the Internal Obliques
3 Sub Sections

Internal Oblique Muscle Actions
1 Sub Section

Fascial Integration
1 Sub Section