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The soleus on the tibia

Soleus

Integrated functional anatomy of the soleus. Attachments, nerves, palpation, joint actions, arthrokinematics, fascia, triggerpoints, and behavior in postural dysfunction. Examples of common strength exercises, foam rolling, and stretches for the calf muscles.

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Course Description: Soleus

This course describes the anatomy and integrated function of the soleus muscle (a.k.a. deep calf muscle, calves). This muscle is located on the posterior tibia and fibula, in the posterior compartment, joins the gastrocnemius muscle at the Achilles tendon to form the calf complex, and inserts into the calcaneus (heel bone). This muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve, composed primarily of type I muscle fibers, and unlike the gastrocnemius muscle, only crosses the ankle joint (a.k.a. talocrural or tibiotalar joint).

The soleus is the primary plantar flexor of the ankle, and some research shows it may play a role in inversion or eversion depending on the position of the calcaneus (heel bone). This course also describes the role of the soleus in ankle joint arthrokinematics, fascial integration (Achilles tendon and posterior crural fascia), postural dysfunction, and subsystem integration. Additionally, the location of the soleus is discussed relative to the posterior popliteal artery, tibial artery, peroneal artery, tibial nerve, peroneal nerve, sural cutaneous nerves, and fascial sheaths that comprise the anterior and posterior borders of the posterior compartment.

Sports medicine professionals (personal trainers, fitness instructors, physical therapists, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, athletic trainers, etc.) must be aware of the soleus and ankle plantar flexors for the analysis of human movement, and the development of sophisticated exercise programs and therapeutic (rehabilitation) interventions. Further, this course is essential knowledge for future courses discussing injury prevention and physical rehabilitation including muscle pain (e.g. muscle pain, posterior compartment pain, calf pain, knee pain), soleus injuries (calf strain, soleus strain, accessory soleus muscle strain), and other associated lower limb injuries (tibial nerve entrapment, plantar fasciitis, ankle impingement, shin splints, Achilles tendinopathy, Achilles tendon rupture). This course also begins by introducing a repertoire of soleus-specific exercises and techniques with the intent of improving ankle dorsiflexion, or enhancing lower limb muscle strength and force development during plantar flexion (e.g. calf foam rolling, soleus release, soleus stretching, neuromuscular re-education, and strength exercises for enhancing daily physical activity).

Pre-approved credits for:

Pre-approved for Continuing Education Credits for:

This Course Includes:

  • AI Tutor
  • Text and Illustrations
  • Audio Voice-over
  • Research Review
  • Technique Videos
  • Practice Exam
  • Pre-approved Final Exam

Brookbush Institute’s most recommended techniques for the Soleus (see videos below):

The soleus on the tibia
Caption: The soleus on the tibia

Introduction to the Soleus
3 Sub Sections

Soleus Muscle Actions
1 Sub Section

Fascial Integration

Postural Dysfunction and the Soleus

Exercises and Techniques for the Soleus
7 Sub Sections

Bibliography

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  2. Dr. Mike Clark & Scott Lucette, “NASM Essentials of Corrective Exercise Training” © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
  3. Donald A. Neumann, “Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations of Rehabilitation – 2nd Edition” © 2012 Mosby, Inc.
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  16. Michael RH, Holder LE: The soleus syndrome a cause of medial tibial stress (shin splints). Am J Sports Med 13:87-94 1985
  17. Klein P, Mattys S, Rooze M: Moment arm length variations of selected muscles acting on talocrural and subtalar joints during movement: An in vitro study. J Biomech 29:21, 1996
  18. Les SS, Piazza SJ: Inversion-eversion moment arms of gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior measured in vivo. J Biomech 41:3366, 2008
  19. Souza, T. R., Pinto, R. Z., Trede, R. G., Kirkwood, R. N., & Fonseca, S. T. (2010). Temporal couplings between rearfoot–shank complex and hip joint during walking. Clinical biomechanics, 25(7), 745-748'
  20. Franettovich, S. M., Honeywill, C. O. N. O. R., Wyndow, N., Crossley, K. M., & Creaby, M. W. (2014). Neuromotor control of gluteal muscles in runners with achilles tendinopathy. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 46(3), 594-599.
  21. Padua, D. A., Bell, D. R., & Clark, M. A. (2012). Neuromuscular characteristics of individuals displaying excessive medial knee displacement. Journal of athletic training, 47(5), 525.
  22. Pedret C, Roads G, Balius R et al. (2015). Return to play after soleus muscle injuries. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 3(7): 1-5.
  23. Lenhart RL, Francis CA, Lenz AL, Thelen DG. (2014). Empirical evaluation of gastrocnemius and soleus function during walking. Journal of Biomechanics. 47: 2969-2974.
  24. Macrum et al. Effect of limiting ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion on lower extremity kinematics and muscle-activation patterns during a squat. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 2012, 21, Pg 144-150.

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