Kinesiology of the Ankle:
By Brent Brookbush MS, PES, CES, CSCS, ACSM H/FS
Ankle Plantar Flexion
- Prime Mover: Soleus , gastrocnemius
- Synergists: Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis , tibialis posterior , flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus , plantaris
- Antagonists: Tibialis anterior , extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius
- Neutralizers: The tibialis posterior and medial gastrocnemius neutralize the eversion force created by the soleus , lateral gastrocnemius and the fibularis muscles .
- Stabilizers: Fibularis longus , fibularis brevis , fibularis tertius , tibialis posterior , flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus , extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus
- Fixators: Medial and lateral stabilizers of the knee, quadriceps , musculature of the foot
Ankle Dorsi Flexion
- Prime Mover: Tibialis anterior
- Synergists: Extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius
- Antagonists: Soleus , gastrocnemius , fibularis longus, fibularis brevis , tibialis posterior , flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus , plantaris
- Neutralizers: The fibularis tertius and extensor digitorum longus neutralize inversion force created by tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus . The toe flexors stabilize the toe extension force created by extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus .
- Stabilizers: Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis , fibularis tertius , tibialis posterior , flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus , extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus
- Fixators: Medial and lateral stabilizers of knee, quadriceps , popliteus , musculature of the foot.
Ankle Inversion
- Prime Mover: Tibialis anterior , tibialis posterior
- Synergists: Medial gastrocnemius , flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus , extensor hallucis longus, plantaris
- Antagonists: Soleus , lateral gastrocnemius , fibularis longus, fibularis brevis , fibularis tertius, extensor digitorum longus , plantaris
- Neutralizers: Careful balance between groups is important to prevent unwanted ancillary motion. It is difficult to name specific neutralizers, as inversion rarely occurs in isolation.
- Stabilizers: Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis , fibularis tertius , flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus , extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus
- Fixators: Medial and lateral stabilizers of knee, quadriceps , popliteus , musculature of the foot.
Ankle Eversion
- Prime Mover: Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis
- Synergists: Fibularis tertius , soleus , lateral gastrocnemius , extensor digitorum longus
- Antagonists: Tibialis anterior , tibialis posterior , medial gastrocnemius , flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus , extensor hallucis longus
- Neutralizers: Careful balance between groups is important to prevent unwanted ancillary motion. It is difficult to name specific neutralizers, as eversion rarely occurs in isolation.
- Stabilizers: Fibularis tertius , tibialis anterior , tibialis posterior , flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus , extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus
- Fixators: Medial and lateral stabilizers of knee, quadriceps , popliteus , musculature of the foot.
Ankle Dorsi Flexion and Inversion
- Prime Mover: Tibialis anterior
- Synergists: Extensor hallucis longus
- Antagonists: Soleus , lateral gastrocnemius , fibularis longus, fibularis brevis , plantaris
- Medial gastrocnemius , tibialis posterior , flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus , extensor digitorum longus, fibularis tertius
- Neutralizers:In this analysis we could view those muscles that act as synergists in one, but not both joint actions as neutralizers of excessive motion. In this case those muscles would be:
- Invertors: Medial gastrocnemius , tibialis posterior , flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus
- Dorsi Flexors: Extensor digitorum longus, fibularis tertius
- Stabilizers: Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis , fibularis tertius , tibialis posterior , flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus , extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus
- Fixators: Medial and lateral stabilizers of knee, quadriceps , popliteus , musculature of the foot.
Ankle Plantar Flexion and Eversion
- Prime Mover: Soleus , lateral gastrocnemius
- Synergists: Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis , plantaris
- Antagonists: Tibialis anterior , extensor hallucis longus
- Neutralizers: In this analysis we could view those muscles that act as synergists in one, but not both joint actions as neutralizers of excessive motion. In this case those muscles would be:
- Evertors: Fibularis tertius, extensor digitorum longus
- Plantar flexors: Medial gastrocnemius , tibialis posterior , flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus
- Stabilizers: Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis , fibularis tertius , tibialis posterior , flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus , extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus
- Fixators: Medial and lateral stabilizers of knee, quadriceps , popliteus , musculature of the foot.
© 2011 Brent Brookbush
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