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Stability Training Audio

Stability Training: An exercise or rehabilitation program designed to enhance the body's ability to stabilize (maintain or regain balance). A stability training program prioritizes exercise progression over increasing repetitions, sets, load, or speed. 

Stability Training

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I have almost completed my CPT certification and am half-way through the Human Movement certification to inform my massage practice. The different modalities of reading, watching audiovisual materials, and attending live or recorded webinars have been important to my learning style and for review.

Brookbush Institute has the most detailed, specific and effective tools for online learning for movement and/or bodywork professionals. I love the combination of the videos as well as the text available online.

I recently completed the CPT course. It was demanding yet practical. I would highly recommend it for anyone wanting an education about human movement.

I have my personal trainer certificate through here and am almost finished my human movement specialist certification. Overall, the education that Brookbush has packaged together for clinicians and trainers is invaluable. I am a physio assistant so coming from more of a rehab background I appreciate that this education has been beneficial both as a trainer and in a rehab setting. I love that I have been able to do all learning at my own pace and able to work around my schedule. Thank you for setting up this platform! Highly recommend :)

I have been a massage therapist for 10 yrs and I feel like all the “pieces” I’ve learned throughout the yrs have been put into place and can see the full picture. I am also a member to tons of great content since I love to learn! I plan to get my CPT through them as well.

I have been following Brent Brookbush for nearly a decade- back when I was a personal Trainer and now as a Physical Therapist. BBI is an incredible resource for any movement nerds and corrective exercise specialists! The information is thorough with multiple real world applications. I am looking forward to an in-person Manual Therapist course the second they do one a little bit closer to Virginia ;)

I have taken both the Human Movement Specialist and Certified Personal Trainer certificate programs and have found the value in understanding the how and ways the body moves and functions and from evidence, non-biased, outcome, conceptual, theoretical, and practical approach to helping my clients/patients look better, feel better, and move better.

Over the last years I've returned time and again to Brookbush Institute for stellar coursework as I've worked toward a Human Movement Specialist certification. (I'm currently ACE CPT, and in training with Anatomy Trains for Structural Integration Manual Therapy.) Every Brookbush Institute module is fantastic and each one includes detailed informational videos, written descriptions of how to-do, and, more importantly, why to-do!

I am a 70 yr old chiropractor and no other healthcare provider was able to come up with an exercise protocol particular to my structural and balances and muscle deficits and keep me in the game. And as for continuing education on human skeletal movement, the website is phenomenal full of great exercises for particular mechanical dysfunction.

The H.M.S. is the most valuable certificate I have earned and was a fraction of the the cost of my others. Define the best bang for your buck!

Brookbush is the most efficient Personal Training Certification I have ever come across. All the lessons are well thought out and very straight to the point.

I am getting my Master's degree in Kinesiology, and I would like to say that I have benefited greatly from the rich, comprehensive, well-documented scientific content of Brookbush Institute that links theory to practical applications. Proudly I've got my CPT certificate, and I am on my way to get my HMS certificate.

Having courses count towards different certifications makes it so users can transition seamlessly from one certification to another. In my case, going from earning the BI CPT to earning the BI HMS was an easy decision and I am proud to have earned both certifications. I have also had the pleasure of going to a Live HMS workshop that was well taught by Instructor Boettcher and that was excellent to see how the methods and techniques are implemented.



I have been a member of BBI for years and every course I have taken has been incredibly informative. I learn more from these courses than I do at local CEU courses for my PTA license. I also earned my CPT and HMS certifications through the platform. It was so convenient and the content was top notch! Forever member.

We learn principles in academia, we learn cool new modalities via whatever specialty certification, but BBI really concentrates on the nuances of passive treatment and they do a fantastic job. The format in which BBI instructs soft tissue specialists (DPTs, Chiros, ATs) like myself feels like almost like an apprenticeship. You get a thoroughly detailed explanation of the “why’s”, and a visual comprehension of how to apply. Personally, I believe application is where the good and the great are distinguished.

Brookbush has been incredibly helpful since I was in massage school and now as I’m in my career! I run my own practice and it gives me the resources I need to not only improve what I already know, but also help me navigate better, more efficient ways of treatment.

Totally loving the convenience and affordability of this program with my crazy lifestyle! I feel like I am getting a quality education without a massive cost! My favorite part is the videos I can watch in the courses. I learn so much better that way. Once I really spent more time on the site, I figured out how to maneuver around a lot better! I enjoy the sense of humor, as well as the easy explanation, and short tests. And if I am really tired, I can have the computer read me the lessons. 😁

Challenging concepts are explained in very understandable terms without dumbing down the material, and I find this program to be superior in quality to other personal training programs.

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 An exercise or rehabilitation program designed to enhance the body's ability to stabilize (maintain or regain balance). A stability training program prioritizes exercise progression over increasing repetitions, sets, load, or speed. For example, progressing from a 

 increases the stability challenge. Reducing the base of support during this exercise from two feet on the ground to a single foot would be an additional stability progression.

This course discusses stability training, including core stability training, upper body stability training, lower body stability training, balance training, injury prevention, and the use of stability training in physical rehabilitation. A comprehensive systematic research review was used to develop evidence-based progressions and regressions for all large movement patterns (muscle groups), including the use of unstable loads and environments. Additionally, stability training outcomes and adaptations are discussed in detail: EMG activity, motor pattern recruitment, fatigue, rate of force development, balance, muscle endurance, muscle strength, muscle hypertrophy (muscle growth), sports performance, injury prevention, and injury recovery.

Some findings from the included systematic review resulted in counter-intuitive, or at least less conventional recommendations. For example, there are a few studies that suggest unstable environments (e.g. core stability exercises on a Bosu Ball) may exaggerate altered recruitment patterns in those exhibiting dysfunction. This may imply that corrective exercise (e.g. 

) should precede multi-joint stability exercises. Additionally, research suggests that unstable loads result in larger changes in EMG activity than unstable surfaces/environments. This may imply that slosh pipes, sandbags, hanging/swinging loads, etc., should be considered more often and perhaps be prioritized over unstable environments like foam pads, Bosu balls, and balance boards.

Movement professionals (personal trainers, fitness instructors, physical therapists, athletic trainers, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, etc.) should consider stability training a pillar of performance, injury prevention, and rehabilitation programming, and the recommendation of progressions and regressions based on stability, an essential skill. This course is part of our continued effort to optimize, evidence-based “exercise program design” recommendations.

Stability training for performance enhancement

Stability Training Research by Movement Pattern/Muscle Group:

Comparing the squat, lunge, Bulgarian split-squat, and single-leg squat

Comparing the squat, step-up, and single-leg squat

Comparing unilateral lower body exercise on stable and unstable surfaces

Dr. Brent Brookbush demonstrating a wobble lunge to improve stability and control during a lunge

Course Description: Stability Training

Stability Training Course Study Guide

Study Guide: Stability Training

Stability Training Research: Quick Summary

Wobble Lunge

Exercise Progressions

Introduction

Human movement professionals have a variety of ways to progress exercise. One method of progressing exercise is challenging stability by introducing unstable loads and/or surfaces. The objective of this course is to review all research pertaining to stability training, transparently present research findings, and develop reasonably objective conclusions about those findings for application in practice.

 - an object's mean position of mass; that is, a point that is perfectly surrounded by an equal amount of mass in all directions.

 - refers to the area beneath an object or person, and the area within the perimeter created by every point of contact that the object or person makes with the supporting surface. This may include the 

 of someone sitting on a chair or the back of someone leaning against a wall.

 - A state in which opposing forces or influences are balanced.

 - The ability to maintain a body’s center of mass over its base of support. Balance can be static or dynamic.

 - The ability of a body to produce forces that will restore equilibrium when disturbed.

 - An exercise or rehabilitation program designed to enhance the body's ability to stabilize; the ability to maintain/restore balance.

 - Modification of an exercise that increases demand with the intent of promoting adaptation. This can be accomplished by increasing reps, load, tempo, range of motion, complexity, and/or challenge to an individual's stability.

Because load, reps, tempo, and complexity are often explicitly noted, the term "exercise progression" is most often used throughout Brookbush Institute (BI) content to refer to an exercise or series of exercises that make it harder to maintain stability with good form.

 - Participants in a study who have at least six months of exercise experience.

 - Participants in a study who have less than six months of exercise experience.

Definitions

Panjabi proposed a model of stability that separates the spine into three subsystems; neural, active, and passive (1). Although this model was originally proposed to describe spine stability, the Brookbush Institute asserts that the model may be useful in describing stability throughout the human movement system. The neural subsystem is comprised of the central and peripheral nervous system and acts on the active subsystem (muscles) to modify stability. Akuthota et al. summarize the interaction between the neural and active subsystems; stability of the spine is dependent on sensory input and muscular strength, which allow for constant feedback and sufficient force to refine movement (2). The passive subsystem is comprised of the vertebrae, discs, and ligaments of the spine. The passive subsystem may be affected by the active subsystem, provides sensory input for the neural system; however, it functions primarily to provide structural support and limit end-range motion. The three subsystems are part of the holistic human movement system and must be considered as interdependent. Panjabi states that a dysfunction of one subsystem will lead to one or more of the following possibilities: compensation from the other subsystem(s), long-term adaptation by the other subsystem(s), and/or an injury to the subsystem(s) (1, 3). Compensation by a subsystem from another subsystem may result in seemingly normal function, but long-term adaptation will result in altered stability (1). Injury to a subsystem may result in pain (1), muscle atrophy (4), passive system injury (e.g. ligament or disc injury), or altered motion. In the case of the spine, an altered motion was in reference to changes in vertebral kinematics, such as spondylolisthesis. In summary, Panjabi's model provides a framework for describing how the stability of the spine is maintained, and how dysfunction may alter the stability and lead to pain. This model may aid in describing how stability is maintained at other joints and provides a framework for considering the research discussed below.

Another model of stability proposed by Comerford and Mottram (5) divides the muscular system into global and local systems. The local stabilization system is comprised of single joint muscles and controls segmental stabilization, and the global stabilization system is comprised of multi-joint muscles that control multi-segmental motion. Comerford and Mottram (5) assert that the systems are interdependent, but stability training may preferentially target local stabilizers. For example, the 

 is local stabilizers whose activity is more affected by unstable environments, and the 

 are global stabilizers whose activity is more affected by load. If the local or global system becomes dysfunctional, then higher levels of stress or strain may occur resulting in tissue damage, dysfunction, and pain (6). The Comerford and Mottram model of stability accurately predicts the changes in muscle activity that are seen in studies comparing unstable environments and loads. Further, the model aids in describing how dysfunction of one or both systems may increase stress, resulting in tissue damage and pain. Conceptually, the Comerford and Mottram model could be viewed as a division of the "active system" described by Punjabi.

Punjabi's Model: Three Subsystems - passive (connective tissue), active (muscles), and neural (nervous system)

Comerford and Mottram's Model: Two Subsystems - local muscles and global muscles

Comerford and Mottram's model could be viewed as a division of Punjabi's "active system".

Both models describe the interdependent relationship of the body's systems, are predictive of how stability training may engage specific systems, and how dysfunction of one or more systems could result in tissue stress and pain.

The major muscles on the anterior and posterior side of the body

Models

Healing tissues (e.g. strains, ruptures, etc.):

Using unstable surface training may be beneficial in the rehabilitation setting for certain injuries that may be exacerbated by increases in force. A literature review by Behm et al. demonstrated that unstable surfaces reduced force output by an average of 29.3%; however, muscle activity was similar or greater when compared to stable surface training. This trend was especially true in novice exercisers (novice exercisers) (7). The reduction in force while maintaining muscle activity may be beneficial for conditions in which an increase in force would increase the risk of further tissue damage (e.g. muscle strain). That is, human movement professionals may be able to progress exercise from more to less stable, increasing motor unit recruitment, without increasing the force on healing tissues.

A diagram of the ligaments in the knee and an ACL tear

Research has also investigated unstable surface training in populations with assessed balance deficits. Elderly patients participating in a balance training program demonstrated improvements in balance tests, as well as the timed up-and-go test (8, 9). Note, an additional study has demonstrated that elderly participants without a balance deficit did not improve with an unstable surface training program (10). Research has also shown that children with balance deficits may benefit from unstable surface training, including children with visual impairments, cerebral palsy, Down's syndrome, and autism (11-14). Again, further research demonstrates that children without a balance deficit do not demonstrate significant change on balance tests after an unstable surface training program (15 - 17). In summary, unstable surface training may improve balance and performance on functional tests for those with assessed balance deficits.

Unstable Surface Training for Chronic Ankle Instability

Research has demonstrated that adding balance exercises to a rehabilitation program for chronic 

 instability (CAI) improves functional outcome measures and objective scores on balance assessments (18-21). The tools used in these studies for functional outcomes measures include the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) or Global Rating of Change (GROC)) (18, 19, 21), and the objective balance scores were attained using the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) (19, 21). Kim et al. and Cruz-Diaz et al. demonstrated that strength training with balance exercises elicits greater improvements in CAIT and SEBT scores when compared to strength training alone (18, 19). The balance training included marches, hopping, and unilateral/bilateral throwing exercises with the feet on an unstable surface. Although the balance training did not have an impact on self-reported pain or strength tests, patients demonstrated significant improvements in self-reported perception of function and objective functional outcomes (18, 19). Donovan et al. demonstrated that programs using unstable shoes (Myolux Athletik and Myolux II destabilization devices) and unstable surfaces (foam pad or balance disc) resulted in a similar range of motion, self-reported pain, self-reported function, and objective function outcomes in those with CAI (21). This study implies that unstable shoes do not provide additional benefits over more versatile and affordable unstable surface products. Interestingly, Kim et al. demonstrated that a 6-week rehabilitation program (balance, strengthening, plyometric, and speed/agility exercises) reduced 

 eversion with walking and running, and inversion when landing from a jump in those with CAI (20). However, ankle eversion with walking and running returned to baseline values 24-weeks after exercises was discontinued (20). This implies that clients with CAI may need to continue rehabilitation programs to maintain kinematic improvements, even after function and pain have returned to baseline or better. In summary, research demonstrates that the addition of balance training to a rehabilitation program for CAI improves self-reported and objective functional outcomes, but does not improve strength or self-reported pain. Further, training must continue to maintain benefits beyond 6-weeks of training.

Unstable Surface Training for Low-back Pain

Research demonstrates that adding unstable surface exercises to a rehabilitation program for low-back pain (LBP) improves function, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and range of motion outcomes (22 - 25). The tools used in these studies include the Oswestry Disability Index, visual analog pain scale, the Stork Balance Stand Test, and the Beck Depression Inventory questionnaire (22-25). Javadian and Moon et al. demonstrated that a combination of unstable (stability ball and wobble board) and stable rehabilitation exercises elicit greater improvements in self-reported pain, self-reported function, lumbar range of motion, muscle endurance, and strength compared to stable surface rehabilitation alone (22, 25). Kang et al. demonstrated that the prone and side plank, curl-up, and glute-bridge on an unstable surface (Dynair® ball cushion) elicits greater improvements in self-reported pain, self-reported function, objective function, depression, and low-back strength compared to a stable surface rehabilitation program (23). A study by Ko et al. implied that improvements in outcome measures may be equipment specific, as ground-based unstable surfaces (stability ball, wobble board, or Dynair ball cushion) provide additional improvements in outcomes compared to stable surfaces, but suspension training provided no additional benefit (24). Interestingly, programs using unstable surfaces alone do not appear to alter lumbar lordosis angle, lumbosacral angle, and sacral inclination in those with LBP (24), implying that more specific techniques may be necessary to alter motion. Research demonstrates that rehabilitation programs for LBP using unstable surfaces improve function and reduces pain better than programs using stable exercise alone.

Unstable Surface Training in a Rehabilitation Setting

Research has demonstrated that unstable surface training can increase sport and athletic performance. In novice exercisers, unstable surface training has been shown to improve lower-leg muscle activity during a jump-landing task, stair climbing performance, rate of force development, vertical jump height, and may have a beneficial effect on flexibility (31-33). Kibele et al. demonstrated that novice exercisers improved as much from unstable surface training as a traditional strength training program for sprint times, shuttle run times, standing long jump distance, and single-leg hop performance (34). These studies imply that novice exercises may gain a variety of benefits from a balance training program, potentially as much benefits as noted with a traditional strength training program. Experienced exercises may require longer training periods to attain performance benefits from stability training. A study by Yaggie et al. demonstrated that four weeks of balance training improved shuttle run time, but did not increase vertical jump height (35). However, studies investigating longer training programs (6+ weeks) consistently resulted in performance improvements including vertical jump heights, throwing, and max strength (36-39). Myer et al. demonstrated an additional benefit for experienced exercisers; balance training may reduce impact forces during a jump landing (36). In summary, balance training may be as effective as traditional strength training for improving performance in novice exercisers, and experienced exercisers may require longer balance training programs (6+ weeks) to see performance gains.

Dr. Brent Brookbush demonstarting a single-leg touchdown

Unstable training may be beneficial for progressing exercise for individuals who may benefit from an increase in muscle activity without an increase in force output (e.g. strain, tendon repair, etc.).

Unstable surface training may improve balance and performance on functional tests for those with assessed balance deficits.

The addition of balance training to a rehabilitation program for chronic ankle instability improves self-reported and objective functional outcomes but does not affect strength or self-reported pain.

Research demonstrates that rehabilitation programs for low back pain (LBP) using unstable surfaces improve function and reduces pain better than programs using stable exercise alone.

Stability training is unlikely to have a significant effect on altered kinematics.

Individuals must continue balance training exercises, even after the resolution of symptoms, to maintain benefits beyond 6 weeks.

There are a few studies that suggest unstable environments may exaggerate altered recruitment patterns in those exhibiting dysfunction. This may imply that specific interventions (e.g. 

) should precede multi-joint exercises using unstable surfaces or loads.

Balance training may be as effective as traditional strength training for improving performance in novice exercisers.

Experienced exercises may require longer balance training programs (6+ weeks) to see performance gains.

Stability Training for Performance Enhancement

Dr. Brent Brookbush demonstrating a wobble squat exercise

Squats

Comparing the Squat, Lunge and Bulgarian Split-Squat

Dr. Brent Brookbush demonstrating a step up to balance exercise

Comparing the Squat, Step-up and Single-leg Squat

A band resisted single-leg touchdown holding a weight 

Comparing the Unilateral Lower Body Exercise on Stable and Unstable Surfaces

Lower Body Stability Training Summary

Lower Body Stability Training

Pushups with Band Resistance

The Push-up on Stable and Unstable Surfaces

Dr. Brent Brookbush demonstrating a dumbbell chest press

Chest Press on Stable and Unstable Surfaces

The Overhead Press Exercise on Stable and Unstable Surfaces

A rope row used to help build upper body stability and control

The Inverted Row with Stable and Unstable Environments

Upper Body Stability Training

Instability and changing body position (elevating fee) during a push-up increases upper body muscle activity.

Some research suggests that unstable surfaces/loads may exaggerate compensation patterns correlated with dysfunction; implying corrective interventions should precede stability training.

Prime mover activity is greater for stable exercises when loads are attempted that could not be performed with unstable loads or surfaces; however, unstable loads may be appropriate when loads are low to moderate.

Core muscle activity is similar for unstable and stable surfaces when loads are high, but greater core muscle activity is noted when unstable surfaces are compared to stable surfaces and loads are low to moderate.

Unstable loading during a chest press may increase the activity of ancillary muscles including the biceps brachii, middle 

Unstable loads have a larger impact on prime mover muscle activity than unstable surfaces.

Unstable loads may increase muscle activity of antagonists, 

Heavier loads only possible on stable surfaces elicit the greatest prime mover muscle activity.

Rotator cuff muscle activity is similar in all conditions, due to high levels of recruitment throughout (88).

Unstable loads will increase the activity of stabilizing muscles.

Prime mover muscle activity may be highest when high loads can be performed from an unstable apparatus.

Placing the feet on unstable surfaces does not have an effect on muscle activity.

Inverted rows are helpful for those recovering from low back pain, as these progressions result in smaller amounts of posterior to anterior force on the lumbar spine and lower erector spinae activity than many other back exercises (102).

Upper Body Exercise Summary

Dr. Brookbush instructs Melissa Ruiz on how to regress a stability ball push-up.

The Front-Plank and Side-Plank on Stable vs Unstable Surfaces

Dr. Brent Brookbush demonstrating the ultimate glute bridge exercise

The Glute Bridge on Stable vs Unstable Surfaces

Dr. Brent Brookbush demonstrating a quadruped exercise progression

Quadrupeds and Progressions

Core Exercise Summary

Core Stability Training

 Moderate (75-90% of 1-RM); Lighter (60-75% of 1-RM)

Circuit training, 1 min rest between exercises

Frontal plane lunge to balance to press (front rack load)

Single-leg alternating horizontal abduction

Single-leg touchdown (deadlifts) with posterior pull

Active rest (corrective: Reactive Activation):

Case Study: Stability Training Program

Panjabi, M. M. (1992) The stabilizing system of the spine. Part I. Function, dysfunction, adaptation, and enhancement. 

Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques, 5

Akuthota, V., Ferreiro, A., Moore, T. and Fredericson, M. (2008) Core stability exercise principles. 

Panjabi, M. M. (2003) Clinical spinal instability and low back pain. 

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 13, 371-379

Hodges, P. W. and Danneels, L. (2019) Changes in structure and function of the back muscles in low back pain: different time points, observations, and mechanisms. 

Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 49

Comerford, M. J. and Mottram, S. L. (2001) Functional stability re-training: principles and strategies for mechanical dysfunction. 

Gibbons, S. G. T. and Comerford, M. J. (2001) Strength versus stability: part 1: concept and terms. Orthopaedic division review. March/April: 21-27

Behm, D. and Colado, J. C. (2012) The effectiveness of resistance training using unstable surfaces and devices for rehabilitation. 

International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 7

Ogaya, S., Ikezoe, T., Soda, N. and Ichihashi, N. (2011) Effects of balance training using wobble boards in the elderly. 

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25

Nagy, E., Feher-Kiss, A., Barnai, M., Domjan-Preszner, A., Angyan, L. and Horvath, G. (2007) Postural control in elderly subjects participating in balance training. 

European Journal of Applied Physiology, 100, 97-104

Schilling, B. K., Falvo, M. J., Karlage, R. E., Weiss, L. W., Lohnes, C. A. and Chiu, L. Z. F. (2009) Effects of unstable surface training on measures of balance in older adults. 

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23

Abd El-Kafy, E. M. and El-Basatiny, H. M. Y. M. (2014) Effect of postural balance training on gait parameters in children with cerebral palsy. 

American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 93

Gupta, S., Rao, krishna Rao, B. and Kumaran, S. D. (2011) Effect of strength and balance training in children with Down's syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. 

Jazi, S. D., Purrajabi, F., Movahedi, A. and Jalali, S. (2012) Effect of selected balance exercises on the dynamic balance of children with visual impairments. 

Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 106

Cheldavi, H., Shakerian, S., Bosheri, S. N. S. and Zarghami, M. (2014) The effects of balance training intervention on postural control of children with autism spectrum disorder: role of sensory information. 

Research in Autism Spectrum Disorder, 8, 8-14

Granacher, U., Muehlbauer, T., Maestrini, L., Zahner, L. and Gollhofer, A. (2011) Can balance training promote balance and strength in prepubertal children? 

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25

Bruhn, S., Kullmann, N. and Gollhofer, A. (2004) The effects of a sensorimotor training and a strength training on postural stabilisation, maximum isometric contraction and jump performance. 

International Journal of Sports Medicine, 25(1), 56-60

Kibele, A. and Behm, D. G. (2009) Seven weeks of instability and traditional resistance training effects on strength, balance and functional performance. 

Balance Training for Chronic Ankle Instability

Kim, K. J., Kim. Y. E., Jun, H. J., Lee, J. S., Ji, S. H., Ji, S. G., Seo, T. H. and Kim, Y. O. (2014) Which treatment is more effective for functional ankle instability: strengthening or combined muscle strengthening and proprioceptive exercises? 

Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26, 385-388

Cruz-Diaz, D., Lomas-Vega, R., Osuna-Perez, M. C., Contreras, F. H. and Martinez-Amat, A. (2015) Effect of 6 weeks of balance training on chronic ankle instability in athletes: a randomized controlled trial. 

International Journal of Sports Medicine, 36, 754-760

Kim, E., Choi, H., Cha, J. H., Park, J. C. and Kim, T. (2017) Effects of neuromuscular training on the rear-foot angle kinematics in elite women field hockey players with chronic ankle instability. 

Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 16, 137-146

Donovan, L., Hart, J. M., Saliba, S. A., Park, J., Feger, M. A., Herb, C. C. and Hertel, J. (2016) Rehabilitation for chronic ankle instability with or without destabilization devices: a randomized controlled trial. 

Javadian, Y., Behtash, H., Akbari, M., Taghipour-Darzi, M. and Zekavat, H. (2012) The effects of pain on disability of patients with lumbar segmental instability. 

Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 25, 149-155

Kang, T. W., Lee, J. H., Park, D. H., Cynn, H. S. (2018) Effect of 6-week lumbar stabilization exercise performed on stable versus unstable surfaces in automobile assembly workers with mechanical chronic low back pain. 

Ko, K. J., Ha, G. C., Yook, Y. S. and Kang, S. J. (2018) Effects of 12-week lumbar stabilization exercise and sling exercise on lumbosacral region angle, lumbar muscle strength, and pain scale of patients with chronic low back pain. 

Stability Training

Related Courses:

Course Description: Stability Training

Study Guide: Stability Training

Introduction
2 Sub Sections

Definitions

Models

Unstable Surface Training in a Rehabilitation Setting

Stability Training for Performance Enhancement

Lower Body Stability Training
5 Sub Sections

Upper Body Stability Training
4 Sub Sections

Upper Body Exercise Summary

Core Stability Training
4 Sub Sections

Case Study: Stability Training Program

Bibliography

Related Courses:

Comments

Guest

Stability Training

Related Courses:

Course Description: Stability Training

Study Guide: Stability Training

Introduction2 Sub Sections

Definitions

Models

Unstable Surface Training in a Rehabilitation Setting

Stability Training for Performance Enhancement

Lower Body Stability Training5 Sub Sections

Upper Body Stability Training4 Sub Sections

Upper Body Exercise Summary

Core Stability Training4 Sub Sections

Case Study: Stability Training Program

Bibliography

Related Courses:

Comments

Guest

Introduction
2 Sub Sections

Lower Body Stability Training
5 Sub Sections

Upper Body Stability Training
4 Sub Sections

Core Stability Training
4 Sub Sections