Providers of Approved Continuing Education

American College of Sports Medicine

Athletics and Fitness Association of America

Canadian Fitness Professionals

The Brookbush Institute (BOC AP# P10038) is approved by the Board of Certification, Inc. to provide continuing education to Athletic Trainers (ATs). This program is eligible for a maximum of {{credits}} hours/ Category A CEUs. ATs should claim only those hours actually spent in the educational program.

Board Of Certification

New York Physical Therapist just a disclaimer The Brookbush Institute (B2C Fitness) is recognized by the New York State Education Department's State Board for Physical Therapy as an approved provider of physical therapy and physical therapist assistant continuing education.

New York State Education Department's State Board for Physical Therapy

World Instructor Training Schools

This activity is provided by the Texas Board of Physical Therapy Examiners Accredited Provider 2309052TX and meets continuing competence requirements for physical therapist and physical therapist assistant licensure renewal in Texas.

Texas Physical Therapy Association

NASM Provider #737 and 1 Credit = 0.1 NASM CEUs

National Academy of Sports Medicine

ACE Course ID: {{aceId}} and Credits: {{aceCredits}}

American Council on Exercise

The Brookbush Institute is an AOTA Approved Provider of professional development. PD activity approval ID# {{aotaCourseApprovalNumber}}. This distance learning-independent activity is offered at {{aotaCredits}} CEUs {{aotaLevel}} {{aotaCategory}}.  AOTA does not endorse specific course content, products, or clinical procedures.

American Occupational Therapy Association

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AUSactive

CIMSPA

Approved for {{credits}} CEUs by CPTA #CPTAAP-36

California Physical Therapy Association

Approved by CATA and 1 course contact hour = 0.4 CATA CEUs

Canadian Athletic Therapists Association

Leg Exercises and Lower Body Exercise Progressions Audio

Leg strength exercise variations, progressions, regressions, and leg exercise myths: squats, step-ups, lunges, and more.

Leg Exercise Progressions

Access to all courses with monthly membership

Brookbush Institute

I have almost completed my CPT certification and am half-way through the Human Movement certification to inform my massage practice. The different modalities of reading, watching audiovisual materials, and attending live or recorded webinars have been important to my learning style and for review.

Brookbush Institute has the most detailed, specific and effective tools for online learning for movement and/or bodywork professionals. I love the combination of the videos as well as the text available online.

I recently completed the CPT course. It was demanding yet practical. I would highly recommend it for anyone wanting an education about human movement.

I have my personal trainer certificate through here and am almost finished my human movement specialist certification. Overall, the education that Brookbush has packaged together for clinicians and trainers is invaluable. I am a physio assistant so coming from more of a rehab background I appreciate that this education has been beneficial both as a trainer and in a rehab setting. I love that I have been able to do all learning at my own pace and able to work around my schedule. Thank you for setting up this platform! Highly recommend :)

I have been a massage therapist for 10 yrs and I feel like all the “pieces” I’ve learned throughout the yrs have been put into place and can see the full picture. I am also a member to tons of great content since I love to learn! I plan to get my CPT through them as well.

I have been following Brent Brookbush for nearly a decade- back when I was a personal Trainer and now as a Physical Therapist. BBI is an incredible resource for any movement nerds and corrective exercise specialists! The information is thorough with multiple real world applications. I am looking forward to an in-person Manual Therapist course the second they do one a little bit closer to Virginia ;)

I have taken both the Human Movement Specialist and Certified Personal Trainer certificate programs and have found the value in understanding the how and ways the body moves and functions and from evidence, non-biased, outcome, conceptual, theoretical, and practical approach to helping my clients/patients look better, feel better, and move better.

Over the last years I've returned time and again to Brookbush Institute for stellar coursework as I've worked toward a Human Movement Specialist certification. (I'm currently ACE CPT, and in training with Anatomy Trains for Structural Integration Manual Therapy.) Every Brookbush Institute module is fantastic and each one includes detailed informational videos, written descriptions of how to-do, and, more importantly, why to-do!

I am a 70 yr old chiropractor and no other healthcare provider was able to come up with an exercise protocol particular to my structural and balances and muscle deficits and keep me in the game. And as for continuing education on human skeletal movement, the website is phenomenal full of great exercises for particular mechanical dysfunction.

The H.M.S. is the most valuable certificate I have earned and was a fraction of the the cost of my others. Define the best bang for your buck!

Brookbush is the most efficient Personal Training Certification I have ever come across. All the lessons are well thought out and very straight to the point.

I am getting my Master's degree in Kinesiology, and I would like to say that I have benefited greatly from the rich, comprehensive, well-documented scientific content of Brookbush Institute that links theory to practical applications. Proudly I've got my CPT certificate, and I am on my way to get my HMS certificate.

Having courses count towards different certifications makes it so users can transition seamlessly from one certification to another. In my case, going from earning the BI CPT to earning the BI HMS was an easy decision and I am proud to have earned both certifications. I have also had the pleasure of going to a Live HMS workshop that was well taught by Instructor Boettcher and that was excellent to see how the methods and techniques are implemented.



I have been a member of BBI for years and every course I have taken has been incredibly informative. I learn more from these courses than I do at local CEU courses for my PTA license. I also earned my CPT and HMS certifications through the platform. It was so convenient and the content was top notch! Forever member.

We learn principles in academia, we learn cool new modalities via whatever specialty certification, but BBI really concentrates on the nuances of passive treatment and they do a fantastic job. The format in which BBI instructs soft tissue specialists (DPTs, Chiros, ATs) like myself feels like almost like an apprenticeship. You get a thoroughly detailed explanation of the “why’s”, and a visual comprehension of how to apply. Personally, I believe application is where the good and the great are distinguished.

Brookbush has been incredibly helpful since I was in massage school and now as I’m in my career! I run my own practice and it gives me the resources I need to not only improve what I already know, but also help me navigate better, more efficient ways of treatment.

Totally loving the convenience and affordability of this program with my crazy lifestyle! I feel like I am getting a quality education without a massive cost! My favorite part is the videos I can watch in the courses. I learn so much better that way. Once I really spent more time on the site, I figured out how to maneuver around a lot better! I enjoy the sense of humor, as well as the easy explanation, and short tests. And if I am really tired, I can have the computer read me the lessons. 😁

Challenging concepts are explained in very understandable terms without dumbing down the material, and I find this program to be superior in quality to other personal training programs.

Home

Courses

Certified Personal Trainer

There is no need for a list of the "10 Best Leg Exercises" when you understand how to select, progress, and regress exercises to fit your current abilities and optimize progress toward your goals. 

A sample program and an AI Program Generator are also included in the course.

 This course is built from a comprehensive systematic research review to ensure unparalleled accuracy, and research is also used to bust several common leg exercise myths:

Are unstable surfaces appropriate for power goals?

This course discusses variations, progressions, and regressions of leg exercises for increasing lower body strength. More sophisticated leg workouts and leg day routines can be created with multiple variations of squats, split squats, lateral lunges, single leg exercises, bodyweight leg exercises, etc. Note that 

 for foot placement, are covered in separate courses. Further, the optimal number of 

This course features more functional movement patterns for improving leg strength than the leg presses, hack squats, leg curls (seated leg curls and prone hamstring curls), leg extensions (knee extensions), and/or other machines found in a gym setting that claim to "target" the glutes, hips muscles, or calf muscles. Further, this course includes detailed cueing, including foot placement during a squat (e.g. hips or feet shoulder width), how to tell the correct distance between the right and left foot during a reverse lunge, what to do with the left leg when doing a right leg single leg deadlift touchdown, or the optimal starting position for the hips during a dumbbell front squat. This course will provide a variety of ideas and concepts to use on leg day, during the leg workout portion of your routine, or during leg day home workouts.

Additionally, this course covers the functional anatomy of leg exercises for lower body strength, including the contribution of the hip muscles (e.g. glutes a.k.a. gluteus maximus and gluteus medius), knee muscles (e.g. quadriceps), ankle muscles (e.g. gastrocnemius and soleus), and core muscles (e.g. erector spinae, obliques, hip flexors, etc.). More advanced anatomical considerations include the contribution of core subsystems (e.g. 

), the use of lower body strength exercises during neuromuscular re-education (a.k.a. integration exercises), and the potential of over-active hip flexors or calf muscles to restrict motion and decrease performance. Further, this course is built from a systematic research review, it is pre-approved for credits toward the Certified Personal Trainer (CPT) Certification, and pre-approved for continuing education credits for movement professionals (personal trainers, fitness instructors, physical therapists, athletic trainers, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, etc.).

We hope this course inspires the inclusion of leg exercises for all goals in fitness, performance, and physical rehabilitation. For example, workouts for increasing glute and hamstring hypertrophy for physique athletes, routines to increase single-leg strength for powerlifters and field sport athletes, and the creation of home exercise programs for maintaining mobility, core strength, and reconditioning after lower extremity injury in a clinical setting.

Certified Personal Trainer (CPT) Certification

Pre-approved for Continuing Education Credits for:

Goal: Lower Body Hypertrophy (Strength/Stability Supersets)

 Moderate (75-90% 1-RM)/Light (60-75% 1-RM)

 1-3 minutes (alternatively, can be performed in a circuit)

 (Corrective, mobility not appropriate): 

 Lower Body Max Strength/Power (Post-activation Potentiation Circuits)

 (Heavy > 85% of 1-RM) (Light < 30% of 1-RM

 1-2 minutes (note, exercise performed in circuit)

Active Rest (corrective/mobility not appropriate):

Course Summary: Leg Exercises and Lower Body Exercise Progressions

Course Summary Webinar: Lower Body Exercise Progressions

Relative flexibility guidelines of lower body exercise progressions

Course Study Guide: Lower Body Exercise Progressions

Introduction

Dr. Brent Brookbush demonstrating a wobble squat with a client

Kinesiology

Our recommendation for feet hip width and parallel is based on reinforcing form/posture that is absent of signs correlated with pain and injury, including feet flatten (pes planus), feet turn out, knees bow out (knee varus), and knees bow in (knee valgus). Further, our recommendations are likely to ensure the largest transfer to daily activity and sport; that is, you do not walk, run, or jump, with legs wide and feet turned out. “Feet parallel and hip width” implies that the 2nd toe is pointing forward and underneath the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). The reasons for this are that the 2nd toe aligns with the center of the foot, and the ASIS is located superior and nearly in alignment with the center of rotation of the hip joints. The greater trochanter, which people often call “their hips”, is located at the end of the femoral neck, which is several centimeters lateral to the center of rotation of your hip joints. We understand that “shoulder width” may feel more comfortable and may be acceptable for some individuals. However, we also suggest that a lack of comfort with ideal alignment may be a sign of less-than-optimal mobility or recruitment and a corrective exercise/movement prep warm-up should be recommended. Powerlifters may adopt a foot position that allows them to move the most weight, but this should be viewed as “practicing for a sport.” Just as depth jumps are recommended for basketball players looking to increase their vertical but are not recommended for every individual who exercises, a powerlifter squat technique may be essential for their sport but not ideal for most athletes and/or the general public.

Cues should be developed based on a movement professional’s desire to optimize form/posture, and any cue should be communicated to the client or patient, based on their needs, in a way that makes sense to them. Although cues like “head up,” “shoulders back,” and “chest up” may be appropriate for someone exhibiting signs of upper extremity dysfunction, they should not be cued to the extremes of these positions, nor should they be recommended to someone who does not exhibit signs of upper body dysfunction. Although BI professionals use these examples of cues when appropriate, we have also seen them result in some dogmatic thinking. For example, “chest up” is an appropriate cue until “chest up” results in excessive thoracic or lumbar extension, and “shoulder blades down and back” is a good cue until optimal scapula posterior tipping is exceeded to result in excessive retraction. And, “head up” is a great cue until “head up” results in excessive cervical extension rather than the cervical spine maintaining neutral alignment with the torso, and the eyes naturally following a path from straight ahead during standing to the bottom of a mirror or the floor 1-2 meters in front of the individual at the bottom of the squat. In short, it is our recommendation that cuing is appropriately modified for the client, and is used to find neutral (optimal) alignment, not extreme positions. This recommendation may be especially appropriate regarding the alignment of the torso, scapula, cervical spine, and head.\

Knees Over Toes (and Tibia and Torso Parallel)

Ideally, squats, step-ups, and lunges would be performed while maintaining a tibia angle and a torso angle that are close to parallel. This body position will result in ample motion of the hip, knees, and ankles, resulting in less stress on any one joint and maximal recruitment of the lower extremity muscles. However, this assertion does have two important implications. First, it implies that a “forward lean” of the torso is necessary. It is impossible to squat with a completely vertical torso (without assistance from a machine). The result would be the body’s center of mass (near the core) traveling behind the base of support (feet) and falling over backward. There is also some research to demonstrate that a “forward lean” of the torso increases gluteus maximus recruitment. Second, the knees must pass the toes as an individual descends into a half-squat or deeper. No research suggests that the knees passing the toes increase the risk of knee pain or injury. However, the knees passing the toes will require more dorsiflexion, and increasing dorsiflexion allows for more recruitment of the calf complex. Further, more dorsiflexion aids in shifting the body’s center of mass anteriorly, making it easier to maintain any external load in a more biomechanically advantageous position.

 The length of the client’s or patient’s stride can be determined by the form achieved during the bottom position of the lunge. In the bottom position, the alignment of the target leg and torso should be similar to the ideal alignment achieved during the bottom position of a squat. That is, from a lateral view of the target leg side, the bottom position of a lunge should look like the bottom position of a squat (with the other leg acting as a support). This is true regardless of whether the lunge is performed in the sagittal, frontal, or transverse planes, regardless of the type or position of load, and regardless of whether the lunge is incorporated into a total body exercise (integrated exercise).

Ideal Target Leg (e.g. squat) Alignment:  

2nd toe pointing forward and under the ASIS

Pelvis neutral (absence of anterior or posterior pelvic tilt)

Torso, scapula, and head in neutral alignment

 The femur of the non-target leg should be near vertical in the bottom position of a sagittal plane or transverse plane lunge. During a frontal plane lunge, the foot of the non-target leg should be parallel and nearly in frontal plane alignment with the foot of the target leg, the knee should maintain near terminal extension, and it is often important to cue the client or patient to “sit back” to ensure the hips translate posteriorly as seen during optimal squat mechanics. It may be helpful to think of a frontal plane lunge as a squat with the non-target leg straight and out to the side.

 Maintaining a vertical torso is a common mistake during a lunge. This reduces the contribution from the gluteus maximus and increases the load on the knee of the non-target leg.

Holding a load in a front rack position can be a great progression for squat, step-up, and lunge variations. By holding the weight in front of the body, the load creates larger moment arms relative to the core and lower extremities, resulting in more resistance to stabilize and overcome. Further, practicing the Front Rack Position can be used to increase upper extremity stability and isometric strength.

 Firmly grip the weights/load in the hands (dumbbells, kettlebells, sandbags, slosh pipes, etc.).

 Attempt to maintain the forearms near vertical by cueing elbows high and shoulder width (the load should be “carried” by the arms; not “curled”),

 Cue enough elbow flexion to ensure some of the load is supported by the upper arm and/or anterior shoulder.

 (unless required by the sport). Front rack position with a barbell tends to promote hypermobility in the hands, wrists, and elbows and may increase the risk of pain and dysfunction.

Notes on Form

Squat Stability Progressions

Squat Form and Modifications

Back Squat

Front Squat

Wobble Squat

Squat Stability Progressions and Videos

Step-up Stability Progressions

Step-Ups

Step-Up Stability Progressions and Videos

Stability Progessions

Sagittal Plane Lunge

Frontal Plane (Lateral) Lunge

Front Rack Lateral Lunge:

Transverse Plane Lunge

Wobble Lunge

Lunge Stability Progressions and Videos

Stability Progressions Research Review Summary

Squat Depth Research Review Summary

Hip Anatomy and Foot Position Research Review Summary

Research Review Summaries

Summary Statement and Research Summary

Squats and Stability Progressions

Comparing the Squat, the Lunge, and the Bulgarian Split Squat

Comparing Squats, Step-ups, and Single-leg Squats

Comparing Unilateral Lower Body Exercise on Stable and Unstable Surfaces

Comparing Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Maximus, Quadriceps, and Hamstring EMG Activity During Various Exercises

Stability Progressions Research Review

Research Summary: Squat Depth

Squat Depth Research Review: Single-session Comparison

Squat Depth Research Review: Comparing Training Periods with Quarter, Half, and Deep Squats

Squat Depth Research Review: Dysfunction Correlated with a Loss of Squat Depth

Squat Depth Research Review

Summary

Range of hip version (anteversion and retroversion)

Bell curve distribution of hip version angles from Pierrepont et al. (2020).

Range of acetabulum (hip socket) angle variations. 

Your Hip Anatomy is Probably Not Unique

Hip internal and external rotation at 90 degrees of hip flexion.

Logical Errors

Bell curve distribution from Pierrepont et al. (2020)

Research Review: Version Angle of the Hip

Recommendations and Dysfunction

Hip Anatomy and Foot Position During Squats Research Review

Sample Program 

Park, J. K., Lee, D. Y., Kim, J. S., Hong, J. H., You, J. H. and Park, I. M. (2015) Effects of visibility and types of the ground surface on the muscle activities of the vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis. 

Journal of Physical Therapy Sciences, 27, 2435-2437

Han, D., Nam, S., Song, J., Lee, W. and Kang, T. (2017) The effect of knee flexion angles and ground conditions on the muscle activation of the lower extremity in the squat position. 

The Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 29, 1852-1855.

Li, Y., Cao, C. and Chen, X. (2013) Similar electromyographic activities of lower limbs between squatting on a reebok core board and ground. 

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27

Andersen, V., Fimland, M. S., Brennset, O., Haslestad, L. R., Lundteigen, M. S., Skalleberg, K. and Saeterbakken, A. H. (2014) Muscle activation and strength in squat and Bulgarian squat on stable and unstable surface. 

Saeterbakken, A. H. and Fimland, M. S. (2013) Muscle force output and electromyographic activity in squats with various unstable surfaces. 

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27

Lawrence, M. A. and Carlson, L. A. (2015) Effects of an unstable load on force and muscle activation during a parallel back squat. 

Ditroilo, M., O'Sullivan, R., Harnan, B., Crossey, A., Gillmor, B., Dardis, W. and Grainger, A. (2018) Water-filled training tubes increase core muscle activation and somatosensory control of balance during squat. 

Stuart, M. J., Meglan, D. A., Lutz, G. E., Growney, E. S. and An, K. N. (1996) Comparison of intersegmental tibiofemoral joint forces and muscle acdtivity during various closed kinetic chain exercises. 

The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 24

DeForest, B. A., Cantrell, G. S. and Schilling, B. K. (2014) Muscle activity in single- vs. double-leg squats. 

International Journal of Exercise Science, 7

Jones, M. T., Ambegaonkar, J. P., Nindl, B. C., Smith, J. A. and Headley, S. A. (2012) Effects of unilateral and bilateral lower-body heavy resistance exercise on muscle activity and testosterone responses. 

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26

McCurdy, K., O'Kelley, E., Kutz, M., Langford, G., Ernest, J. and Torres, M. (2010) Comparison of lower extremity EMG between the 2-leg squat and modified single-leg squat in female athletes. 

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 19, 57-70

McCurdy, K., Walker, J. and Yuen, D. Gluteus maximus and hamstring activation during selected weight-bearing resistance exercises. 

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,

Lubahn, A. J., Kernozek, T. W., Tyson, T. L., Merkitch, K. W., Reutemann, P. and Chestnut, J. M. (2011) Hip muscle activation and knee frontal plane motion during weight bearing therapeutic exercises. 

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 6

Eliassen, W., Saeterbakken, A. H. and van den Tillaar, R. (2018) Comparison of bilateral and unilateral squat exercises on barbell kinematics and muscle activation. 

The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 13

Krause, D. A., Elliott, J. J., Fraboni, D. F., McWilliams, T. J., Rebhan, R. L. and Hollman, J. H. (2018) Electromyography of the hip and thigh muscles during two variations of the lunge exercise: a cross-sectional study. 

Krause, D. A., Jacobs, R. S., Pilger, K. E., Sather, B. R., Sibunka, S. P. and Hollman, J. H. (2009) Electromyographic analysis of the gluteus medius in five weight-bearing exercises. 

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23

DiStefano, L. J., Blackburn, J. T., Marshall, S. W. and Padua, D. A. (2009) Gluteal muscle activation during common therapeutic exercises. 

Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 39

Boren, K., Conrey, C., Le Coguic, J., Paprocki, L., Voight, M. and Robinson, T. K. (2011) Electromyographic analysis of gluteus medius and gluteus maximus during rehabilitation exercises. 

Begalle, R. L., DiStefano, L. J., Blackburn, T. and Padua, D. A. (2012) Quadriceps and hamstrings coactivation during common therapeutic exercises. 

Bibliography

Park, J. K., Lee, D. Y., Kim, J. S., Hong, J. H., You, J. H., & Park, I. M. (2015). Effects of visibility and types of the ground surface on the muscle activities of the vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 27(8), 2435-2437.

Han, D., Nam, S., Song, J., Lee, W. and Kang, T. (2017) The effect of knee flexion angles and ground conditions on the muscle activation of the lower extremity in the squat position. The Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 29, 1852-1855.

Saeterbakken, A. H., & Fimland, M. S. (2013). Muscle force output and electromyographic activity in squats with various unstable surfaces. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(1), 130-136.

Li, Y., Cao, C., & Chen, X. (2013). Similar electromyographic activities of lower limbs between squatting on a reebok core board and ground. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(5), 1349-1353.

Lawrence, M. A., & Carlson, L. A. (2015). Effects of an unstable load on force and muscle activation during a parallel back squat. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(10), 2949-2953.

Ditroilo, M., O'Sullivan, R., Harnan, B., Crossey, A., Gillmor, B., Dardis, W. and Grainger, A. (2018) Water-filled training tubes increase core muscle activation and somatosensory control of balance during squat. 

Comparing the Squat, the Lunge, and the Bulgarian Split Squat (and 3)

Stuart, M. J., Meglan, D. A., Lutz, G. E., Growney, E. S. and An, K. N. (1996) Comparison of intersegmental tibiofemoral joint forces and muscle activity during various closed kinetic chain exercises. 

DeForest, B. A., Cantrell, G. S. and Schilling, B. K. (2014) Muscle activity in single- vs. double-leg squats. International Journal of Exercise Science, 7(4), 302-310

Jones, M. T., Ambegaonkar, J. P., Nindl, B. C., Smith, J. A. and Headley, S. A. (2012) Effects of unilateral and bilateral lower-body heavy resistance exercise on muscle activity and testosterone responses. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(4), 1094-1100

McCurdy, K., O’Kelley, E., Kutz, M., Langford, G., Ernest, J., & Torres, M. (2010). Comparison of lower extremity EMG between the 2-leg squat and modified single-leg squat in female athletes. Journal of sport rehabilitation, 19(1), 57-70.

McCurdy, K., Walker, J., & Yuen, D. (2018). Gluteus maximus and hamstring activation during selected weight-bearing resistance exercises. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(3), 594-601.

Eliassen, W., Saeterbakken, A. H., & van den Tillaar, R. (2018). Comparison of bilateral and unilateral squat exercises on barbell kinematics and muscle activation. International journal of sports physical therapy, 13(5), 871.

Lubahn, A. J., Kernozek, T. W., Tyson, T. L., Merkitch, K. W., Reutemann, P., & Chestnut, J. M. (2011). Hip muscle activation and knee frontal plane motion during weight-bearing therapeutic exercises. International journal of sports physical therapy, 6(2), 92.

Comparing Unilateral Lower Body Exercise on Stable and Unstable Surfaces (and 3)

Krause, D. A., Elliott, J. J., Fraboni, D. F., McWilliams, T. J., Rebhan, R. L. and Hollman, J. H. (2018) Electromyography of the hip and thigh muscles during two variations of the lunge exercise: a cross-sectional study. The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 13(2), 137-14

Krause, D. A., Jacobs, R. S., Pilger, K. E., Sather, B. R., Sibunka, S. P., & Hollman, J. H. (2009). Electromyographic analysis of the gluteus medius in five weight-bearing exercises. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2689-2694.

Comparing Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Maximus, Quadriceps, and Hamstring EMG Activity

Distefano, L. J., Blackburn, J. T., Marshall, S. W., & Padua, D. A. (2009). Gluteal muscle activation during common therapeutic exercises. Journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy, 39(7), 532-540.

Boren, K., Conrey, C., Le Coguic, J., Paprocki, L., Voight, M., & Robinson, T. K. (2011). Electromyographic analysis of gluteus medius and gluteus maximus during rehabilitation exercises. International journal of sports physical therapy, 6(3), 206.

Begalle, R. L., DiStefano, L. J., Blackburn, T., & Padua, D. A. (2012). Quadriceps and hamstrings coactivation during common therapeutic exercises. Journal of athletic training, 47(4), 396-405.

Squat Depth Research Review: Single-session Comparison (and 2)

Drinkwater, E. J., Moore, N. R., & Bird, S. P. (2012). Effects of changing from full range of motion to partial range of motion on squat kinetics. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(4), 890-896.

Bryanton, M. A., Kennedy, M. D., Carey, J. P., & Chiu, L. Z. (2012). Effect of squat depth and barbell load on relative muscular effort in squatting. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(10), 2820-2828.

Caterisano, A., MOSS, R. E., Pellinger, T. K., Woodruff, K., Lewis, V. C., Booth, W., & Khadra, T. (2002). The effect of back squat depth on the EMG activity of 4 superficial hip and thigh muscles. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 16(3), 428-432.

Contreras, B., Vigotsky, A. D., Schoenfeld, B. J., Beardsley, C., & Cronin, J. (2016). A comparison of gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, and vastus lateralis electromyography amplitude in the parallel, full, and front squat variations in resistance-trained females. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 32(1), 16-22.

Gorsuch, J., Long, J., Miller, K., Primeau, K., Rutledge, S., Sossong, A., & Durocher, J. J. (2013). The effect of squat depth on multiarticular muscle activation in collegiate cross-country runners. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(9), 2619-2625.

da Silva, Josinaldo J., et al. "Muscle activation differs between partial and full back squat exercise with external load equated." The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 31.6 (2017): 1688-1693.

Bloomquist, K., Langberg, H., Karlsen, S., Madsgaard, S., Boesen, M., & Raastad, T. (2013). Effect of range of motion in heavy load squatting on muscle and tendon adaptations. European journal of applied physiology, 113, 2133-2142.

Leg Exercise Progressions

Related Courses:

Course Summary: Leg Exercises and Lower Body Exercise Progressions

Course Summary Webinar: Lower Body Exercise Progressions

Course Study Guide: Lower Body Exercise Progressions

Introduction
2 Sub Sections

Notes on Form

Squat Stability Progressions and Videos
5 Sub Sections

Step-Up Stability Progressions and Videos
2 Sub Sections

Lunge Stability Progressions and Videos
6 Sub Sections

Research Review Summaries
3 Sub Sections

Stability Progressions Research Review
6 Sub Sections

Squat Depth Research Review
4 Sub Sections

Hip Anatomy and Foot Position During Squats Research Review
5 Sub Sections

Sample Program

Bibliography

Updated bibliography

Related Courses:

Comments

Guest

Leg Exercise Progressions

Related Courses:

Course Summary: Leg Exercises and Lower Body Exercise Progressions

Course Summary Webinar: Lower Body Exercise Progressions

Course Study Guide: Lower Body Exercise Progressions

Introduction2 Sub Sections

Notes on Form

Squat Stability Progressions and Videos5 Sub Sections

Step-Up Stability Progressions and Videos2 Sub Sections

Lunge Stability Progressions and Videos6 Sub Sections

Research Review Summaries3 Sub Sections

Stability Progressions Research Review6 Sub Sections

Squat Depth Research Review4 Sub Sections

Hip Anatomy and Foot Position During Squats Research Review5 Sub Sections

Sample Program

Bibliography

Updated bibliography

Related Courses:

Comments

Guest

Introduction
2 Sub Sections

Squat Stability Progressions and Videos
5 Sub Sections

Step-Up Stability Progressions and Videos
2 Sub Sections

Lunge Stability Progressions and Videos
6 Sub Sections

Research Review Summaries
3 Sub Sections

Stability Progressions Research Review
6 Sub Sections

Squat Depth Research Review
4 Sub Sections

Hip Anatomy and Foot Position During Squats Research Review
5 Sub Sections