Anatomical Directions
Anatomical Directions: Anatomical directions are terms used to describe a location on the body. Note that all anatomical directions are paired; that is to say, each has an opposite. We have counted 20 anatomical directions, and "anatomical direction-like" terms commonly used in reference to human anatomy.
For more information on the anatomical directions (including an interactive video lecture), check out:
Anatomical Directions
- Superior – (above) toward the top
- Inferior – (below) toward the bottom
- Medial - closer to the midline
- Lateral - further from the midline
- Anterior – toward the front
- Posterior – toward the back
- Proximal – closer to the trunk or center of the body
- Distal – further from the trunk or center of the body
- Supine - Face or palm up
- Prone - Face or palm down
Terms referring to sides:
- Bilateral - both sides
- Unilateral - one side
- Contralateral - opposite side
- Ipsilateral - same side
Additional Terms:
- Dorsal – on the back (upper surface)
- Plantar – relating to the sole of the foot
- Ventral – belly side (front of the trunk)
- Volar (Palmar) - relating to the palm of the hand
- Cranial (Cephalad) – Toward the head
- Caudal – Toward the tail (or toward the feet)
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ):
What are anatomical directions?
- Anatomical directions are standardized terms used to describe the location or orientation of structures in the human body; generally, from the reference position of the anatomical position (standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides, palms facing forward). These terms help healthcare and fitness professionals describe movement and body parts with precision.
Why are anatomical directions important?
- They are essential for accurate communication in anatomy, medical imaging, physical assessment, and exercise science. For example, having a precise way to describe that the heart is medial to the lungs or that the wrist is distal to the elbow helps professionals communicate quickly and accurately.
What is the difference between proximal and distal?
- "Proximal" means closer to the trunk or point of origin, while "distal" means farther away. For example, the shoulder is proximal to the hand, and the fingers are distal to the elbow.
What is the difference between medial and lateral?
- "Medial" means closer to the body's midline, and "lateral" means farther from the midline. For instance, the nose is positioned medially to the eyes, and the shoulders are positioned laterally to the neck.
What is the difference between anterior and posterior?
- "Anterior" refers to the front of the body, while "posterior" refers to the back. For example, the chest is anterior to the spine, and the shoulder blades are posterior to the ribs.
What is the anatomical position , and why is it important?
- The anatomical position is a standardized posture used as a reference when describing anatomical directions. The body stands upright, feet forward, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward. All directional terms are based on this position.
What are dorsal and ventral?
- "Dorsal" generally refers to the back (or upper surface in animals), while "ventral" refers to the front or belly side. In human anatomy, "dorsal" is often used interchangeably with "top surface," and "ventral" is sometimes used to refer to the front of the trunk.
What is the difference between prone and supine?
- "Prone" means lying face-down, and "supine" means lying face-up. These terms are often used to describe body positioning in rehabilitation, surgery, or clinical assessments.