American College of Sports Medicine

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American Council on Exercise

This course introduces the joint actions of the human body and discusses the joint actions possible for each of the large joints. For example, the hip joint can perform flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, external rotation, horizontal adduction, and horizontal abduction. These joint actions are then used to describe the motions of various common exercises. 

Lesson 3: Joint Actions

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I have almost completed my CPT certification and am half-way through the Human Movement certification to inform my massage practice. The different modalities of reading, watching audiovisual materials, and attending live or recorded webinars have been important to my learning style and for review.

Brookbush Institute has the most detailed, specific and effective tools for online learning for movement and/or bodywork professionals. I love the combination of the videos as well as the text available online.

I recently completed the CPT course. It was demanding yet practical. I would highly recommend it for anyone wanting an education about human movement.

I have my personal trainer certificate through here and am almost finished my human movement specialist certification. Overall, the education that Brookbush has packaged together for clinicians and trainers is invaluable. I am a physio assistant so coming from more of a rehab background I appreciate that this education has been beneficial both as a trainer and in a rehab setting. I love that I have been able to do all learning at my own pace and able to work around my schedule. Thank you for setting up this platform! Highly recommend :)

I have been a massage therapist for 10 yrs and I feel like all the “pieces” I’ve learned throughout the yrs have been put into place and can see the full picture. I am also a member to tons of great content since I love to learn! I plan to get my CPT through them as well.

I have been following Brent Brookbush for nearly a decade- back when I was a personal Trainer and now as a Physical Therapist. BBI is an incredible resource for any movement nerds and corrective exercise specialists! The information is thorough with multiple real world applications. I am looking forward to an in-person Manual Therapist course the second they do one a little bit closer to Virginia ;)

I have taken both the Human Movement Specialist and Certified Personal Trainer certificate programs and have found the value in understanding the how and ways the body moves and functions and from evidence, non-biased, outcome, conceptual, theoretical, and practical approach to helping my clients/patients look better, feel better, and move better.

Over the last years I've returned time and again to Brookbush Institute for stellar coursework as I've worked toward a Human Movement Specialist certification. (I'm currently ACE CPT, and in training with Anatomy Trains for Structural Integration Manual Therapy.) Every Brookbush Institute module is fantastic and each one includes detailed informational videos, written descriptions of how to-do, and, more importantly, why to-do!

I am a 70 yr old chiropractor and no other healthcare provider was able to come up with an exercise protocol particular to my structural and balances and muscle deficits and keep me in the game. And as for continuing education on human skeletal movement, the website is phenomenal full of great exercises for particular mechanical dysfunction.

The H.M.S. is the most valuable certificate I have earned and was a fraction of the the cost of my others. Define the best bang for your buck!

Brookbush is the most efficient Personal Training Certification I have ever come across. All the lessons are well thought out and very straight to the point.

I am getting my Master's degree in Kinesiology, and I would like to say that I have benefited greatly from the rich, comprehensive, well-documented scientific content of Brookbush Institute that links theory to practical applications. Proudly I've got my CPT certificate, and I am on my way to get my HMS certificate.

Having courses count towards different certifications makes it so users can transition seamlessly from one certification to another. In my case, going from earning the BI CPT to earning the BI HMS was an easy decision and I am proud to have earned both certifications. I have also had the pleasure of going to a Live HMS workshop that was well taught by Instructor Boettcher and that was excellent to see how the methods and techniques are implemented.



I have been a member of BBI for years and every course I have taken has been incredibly informative. I learn more from these courses than I do at local CEU courses for my PTA license. I also earned my CPT and HMS certifications through the platform. It was so convenient and the content was top notch! Forever member.

We learn principles in academia, we learn cool new modalities via whatever specialty certification, but BBI really concentrates on the nuances of passive treatment and they do a fantastic job. The format in which BBI instructs soft tissue specialists (DPTs, Chiros, ATs) like myself feels like almost like an apprenticeship. You get a thoroughly detailed explanation of the “why’s”, and a visual comprehension of how to apply. Personally, I believe application is where the good and the great are distinguished.

Brookbush has been incredibly helpful since I was in massage school and now as I’m in my career! I run my own practice and it gives me the resources I need to not only improve what I already know, but also help me navigate better, more efficient ways of treatment.

Totally loving the convenience and affordability of this program with my crazy lifestyle! I feel like I am getting a quality education without a massive cost! My favorite part is the videos I can watch in the courses. I learn so much better that way. Once I really spent more time on the site, I figured out how to maneuver around a lot better! I enjoy the sense of humor, as well as the easy explanation, and short tests. And if I am really tired, I can have the computer read me the lessons. 😁

Challenging concepts are explained in very understandable terms without dumbing down the material, and I find this program to be superior in quality to other personal training programs.

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Joint actions are the labels given to the movement of bones around a joint. Each pair of joint actions is associated with a plane of motion. 

 motions" or "osteokinematic joint actions" to differentiate them from "

 motions" (e.g. spin, glide, roll, etc.).

The motions of bones that are permitted by joints are described with the terms known as “joint actions.” Joint actions are used to improve the accuracy of communication between movement professionals when describing exercise, therapeutic interventions, sports motions, and daily activities. Examples of joint actions include flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, horizontal adduction, horizontal abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation. Movement professionals can use knowledge of joint actions to aid in analyzing motion; for example, a wide-grip (conventional) pull-up is shoulder joint adduction, and a close-grip (chin-up) pull-up is shoulder extension. Or, during a lunge, the hip joint performs extension, the knee joint performs extension, and the ankle joint performs plantar flexion. The joint actions correspond to the recruitment of muscles, which may have a significant effect on exercise and technique selection. 

Sports medicine professionals (personal trainers, fitness instructors, physical therapists, athletic trainers, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, etc.) must know joint actions to communicate with other professionals, analyze movement, and develop sophisticated exercise programs and therapeutic (rehabilitation) interventions. Note, that joint actions also correspond to the planes of motion discussed in the previous lesson (for example, flexion and extension are sagittal plane joint actions). Further, joint actions are essential knowledge for upcoming lessons discussing the function of synovial joints (e.g. pivot joints, gliding joints, hinge joints, etc.), connective tissue (ligaments, tendons, etc.), and muscle actions (e.g., eccentric, concentric, etc.).


Flexion: A decrease in joint angle (in the sagittal plane)

Extension: An increase in joint angle (in the sagittal plane)

Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body (in the frontal plane).

Adduction: Movement toward the midline of the body (in the frontal plane).

Lateral Flexion: Displacement of the trunk away from the midline in the frontal plane (in the frontal plane).

External (Lateral) Rotation: Movement of the anterior side of a segment away from the midline of the body.

Internal (Medial) Rotation: Movement of the anterior side of a segment toward the mid-line of the body.

Horizontal Adduction (Flexion): Horizontal motion that results in movement toward the midline.

Horizontal Abduction (Extension): Horizontal motion that results in movement away from the midline.

Continuing Education and Certification Approved Final Exam

The joint actions of the body in the sagittal plane, including flexion and extension of the elbow, wrist, shoulder, hip, and trunk

Course Summary: Joint Actions

Joint Actions Study Guide

Study Guide: Joint Actions 

In this video, we define the joint actions that describe the motion of bones permitted by most joints. Further, we describe how joint actions correspond to planes. For example, flexion and extension are sagittal plane actions, adduction and abduction are frontal plane actions, and internal rotation and external rotation are transverse plane actions. This course describes the joint actions at various joints with many examples of exercises and movements. This is foundational knowledge for all movement professionals, including personal trainers, physical therapists, athletic trainers, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, etc.

Sagittal Plane Joint Actions

Adduction and Abduction of the shoulder, hip, foot and trunk in the frontal plane

Frontal Plane Joint Actions

The joint actions of the body in the transverse plane, including horizontal adduction, horizontal abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation

Transverse Plane (Horizontal Plane) Joint Actions

Video Lesson: Joint Actions

Activity #1: Identify the Joint Actions

Activity #1: Answer Sheet

Activity #2: Joint Action Graphs

Activity #2: Joint Action Graph Answer Key

Activities

Carolyn Richardson, Paul Hodges, Julie Hides. Therapeutic Exercise for Lumbo Pelvic Stabilization – A Motor Control Approach for the Treatment and Prevention of Low Back Pain: 2nd Edition (c) Elsevier Limited, 2004

John V. Basmajian, Carlo J. De Luca. Muscles Alive: Their Function Revealed by ElectroMyography. 1985

Lesson 3: Joint Actions

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Lesson 3: Joint Actions

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Course Summary: Joint Actions

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