Lesson 3: Joint Actions

Joint Action (Definition) : Joint actions are the labels given to the movement of bones around a joint. Each pair of joint actions is associated with a plane of motion.

• Joint actions may be referred to as "osteokinematic motions" or "osteokinematic joint actions" to differentiate them from "arthrokinematic motions" (e.g. spin, glide, roll, etc.).

The motions of bones that are permitted by joints are described with the terms known as “joint actions.” Joint actions are used to improve the accuracy of communication between movement professionals when describing exercise, therapeutic interventions, sports motions, and daily activities. Examples of joint actions include flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, horizontal adduction, horizontal abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation. Movement professionals can use knowledge of joint actions to aid in analyzing motion; for example, a wide-grip (conventional) pull-up is shoulder joint adduction, and a close-grip (chin-up) pull-up is shoulder extension. Or, during a lunge, the hip joint performs extension, the knee joint performs extension, and the ankle joint performs plantar flexion. The joint actions correspond to the recruitment of muscles, which may have a significant effect on exercise and technique selection.

Sports medicine professionals (personal trainers, fitness instructors, physical therapists, athletic trainers, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, etc.) must know joint actions to communicate with other professionals, analyze movement, and develop sophisticated exercise programs and therapeutic (rehabilitation) interventions. Note, that joint actions also correspond to the planes of motion discussed in the previous lesson (for example, flexion and extension are sagittal plane joint actions). Further, joint actions are essential knowledge for upcoming lessons discussing the function of synovial joints (e.g. pivot joints, gliding joints, hinge joints, etc.), connective tissue (ligaments, tendons, etc.), and muscle actions (e.g., eccentric, concentric, etc.).

Joint Actions by Plane of Motion

Sagittal Plane Joint Actions

• Flexion: A decrease in joint angle (in the sagittal plane)
• Extension: An increase in joint angle (in the sagittal plane)

Frontal Plane Joint Actions

• Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body (in the frontal plane).
• Adduction: Movement toward the midline of the body (in the frontal plane).
• Lateral Flexion: Displacement of the trunk away from the midline in the frontal plane (in the frontal plane).

Transverse Plane Joint Actions

• External (Lateral) Rotation: Movement of the anterior side of a segment away from the midline of the body.
• Internal (Medial) Rotation: Movement of the anterior side of a segment toward the mid-line of the body.
• Horizontal Adduction (Flexion): Horizontal motion that results in movement toward the midline.
• Horizontal Abduction (Extension): Horizontal motion that results in movement away from the midline.

Pre-approved Credits for:

• Certified Personal Trainer (CPT) Certification

Pre-approved for Continuing Education Credits for:

• Athletic Trainers
• Chiropractors
• Group Exercise Instructors
• Massage Therapists
• Occupational Therapists - Introductory
• Personal Trainers
• Physical Therapists
• Physical Therapy Assistants
• Yoga Instructors

This Course Includes:

• AI Tutor
• Video Lecture
• Study Guide
• Text of Material
• Learning Activities
• Planes and Exercises Table
• Practice Exam
• Pre-approved Final Exam

Caption: Flexion and extension of the elbow, wrist, shoulder, hip and trunk in the sagittal plane

Bibliography

1. Donald A. Neumann, “Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations of Rehabilitation – 2nd Edition” © 2012 Mosby, Inc.
2. Tom Myers, Anatomy Trains: Second Edition. © Elsevier Limited 2009
3. David G. Simons, Janet Travell, Lois S. Simons, Travell & Simmons’ Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction, The Trigger Point Manual, Volume 1. Upper Half of Body: Second Edition,© 1999 Williams and Wilkens
4. Cynthia C. Norkin, D. Joyce White, Measurement of Joint Motion: A Guide to Goniometry – Third Edition. © 2003 by F.A. Davis Company
5. Cynthia C. Norkin, Pamela K. Levangie, Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis: Fifth Edition © 2011 F.A. Davis Company
6. Carolyn Richardson, Paul Hodges, Julie Hides. Therapeutic Exercise for Lumbo Pelvic Stabilization – A Motor Control Approach for the Treatment and Prevention of Low Back Pain: 2nd Edition (c) Elsevier Limited, 2004
7. Andrew Biel, Trail Guide to the Human Body: 4th Edition, © 2010
8. David B. Jenkins, Hollinshead’s Functional Anatomy of the Limbs and Back: Eighth Edition © 2002 Saunders
9. John V. Basmajian, Carlo J. De Luca. Muscles Alive: Their Function Revealed by ElectroMyography. 1985