Lesson 7: Scapular Muscles

Muscles of the Scapula:

• The trapezius, rhomboids, levator scapula, pectoralis minor, and serratus anterior are the muscles that contribute to the scapula's motion. These muscles are attached to the scapula and the spine or rib cage. Optimal scapula motion is essential for optimal shoulder and upper extremity motion.

Why is Scapula Motion Important?

The scapula, or shoulder blade, serves as the foundation for the humerus, the bone of the upper arm. Proper movement of the scapula is crucial for aligning the glenoid fossa, the shoulder socket, with the head of the humerus. This alignment is essential for maintaining upper limb stability during all types of movements.

Scapula Muscles in Action: Key Examples and Functions

The muscles responsible for moving the scapula (shoulder blade) and shoulder girdle (including the scapulothoracic joint, acromioclavicular joint, and sternoclavicular joint) are the pectoralis minor, rhomboids, serratus anterior, trapezius, and levator scapulae. The strength of these muscles is crucial for scapular stability, as the scapula does not have a direct bony attachment to the rib cage. Additionally, these muscles facilitate scapular motion. For example, during the shoulder press exercise, the upper trapezius, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior work together to achieve upward rotation when the shoulder abducts. In a cable row, the middle trapezius and rhomboids are engaged in scapular retraction as the shoulder extends. The serratus anterior is the primary muscle for scapular protraction, playing a key role in stabilizing and moving the scapula during exercises like the bench press.

These muscles are crucial for maintaining optimal posture by preventing scapular dyskinesis (less than optimal scapular motion). They also help ensure the alignment and stability of the cervical and thoracic spine. As mentioned above, these muscles are also important for maintaining optimal shoulder alignment and preventing maladaptive changes in shoulder arthrokinematics.

Importance of Scapular Muscles for Future Courses:

Sports medicine professionals—including personal trainers, fitness instructors, physical therapists, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, and athletic trainers—must thoroughly understand the muscles of the scapula. This knowledge is critical for analyzing human movement and designing advanced exercise programs and rehabilitation interventions. Mastery of scapular anatomy is foundational for future studies on shoulder anatomy, including muscles originating from the lateral border of the scapula and extending across the shoulder, as well as the muscles of the elbow, such as the triceps brachii and the back, like the latissimus dorsi.

Advanced coursework will delve into injury and pain management, addressing issues like muscle weakness, scapular dyskinesis, and shoulder pain. Students will also learn palpation techniques, such as using the inferior angle to assess beneath the scapula. Further, strategies for optimizing muscle activity can enhance scapular movement and upper limb strength, which is crucial for sports performance.

Pre-approved Credits for:

• Certified Personal Trainer (CPT) Certification

Pre-approved for Continuing Education Credits for:

• Athletic Trainers
• Chiropractors
• Group Exercise Instructors
• Massage Therapists
• Occupational Therapists - Introductory
• Personal Trainers
• Physical Therapists
• Physical Therapy Assistants
• Yoga Instructors

This Course Includes:

• AI Tutor
• Video Lecture
• Study Guide
• Text of Material
• Learning Activities
• Practice Exam
• Pre-approved Final Exam

Additional advanced courses on the anatomy of these muscles:

• Pectoralis Minor
• Rhomboids
• Serratus Anterior
• Trapezius
• Levator Scapulae

Caption: Anatomography, CC BY-SA 2.1 JP <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.1/jp/deed.en>, via Wikimedia Commons

Bibliography

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2. Tom Myers, Anatomy Trains: Second Edition. © Elsevier Limited 2009
3. David G. Simons, Janet Travell, Lois S. Simons, Travell & Simmons’ Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction, The Trigger Point Manual, Volume 1. Upper Half of Body: Second Edition,© 1999 Williams and Wilkens
4. Cynthia C. Norkin, D. Joyce White, Measurement of Joint Motion: A Guide to Goniometry – Third Edition. © 2003 by F.A. Davis Company
5. Cynthia C. Norkin, Pamela K. Levangie, Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis: Fifth Edition © 2011 F.A. Davis Company
6. Carolyn Richardson, Paul Hodges, Julie Hides. Therapeutic Exercise for Lumbo Pelvic Stabilization – A Motor Control Approach for the Treatment and Prevention of Low Back Pain: 2nd Edition (c) Elsevier Limited, 2004
7. Andrew Biel, Trail Guide to the Human Body: 4th Edition, © 2010
8. David B. Jenkins, Hollinshead’s Functional Anatomy of the Limbs and Back: Eighth Edition © 2002 Saunders
9. John V. Basmajian, Carlo J. De Luca. Muscles Alive: Their Function Revealed by ElectroMyography. 1985