Lesson 2: Planes of Motion

The 3 Planes of Motion

• Sagittal plane: The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves and refers to a motion that is forward, backward, up, and down, such as a squat or suspension row .
• Frontal plane (coronal plane): The frontal plane divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves and refers to motion that is side to side and up and down, such as a jumping jack, wide-grip pull-ups , or military press .
• Transverse plane (horizontal plane): The transverse plane divides the body into top and bottom halves and refers to motion in which the arms or legs start parallel to the horizon and come together (horizontal adduction) or spread apart (horizontal abduction) or when joints rotate or pivot. Examples include bench press , axe chops , and seated adduction.

This course also covers the "scapular plane," but it is not included on the exam.

Pre-approved Credits for:

• Certified Personal Trainer (CPT) Certification

Pre-approved for Continuing Education Credits for:

• Athletic Trainers
• Chiropractors
• Group Exercise Instructors
• Massage Therapists
• Occupational Therapists - Introductory
• Personal Trainers
• Physical Therapists
• Physical Therapy Assistants
• Yoga Instructors

This Course Includes:

• AI Tutor
• Video Lecture
• Study Guide
• Text of Material
• Learning Activities
• Planes and Exercises Table
• Practice Exam
• Pre-approved Final Exam
  

Introduction

This course explains the three planes of motion and how they apply to exercise analysis. A plane of motion is a two-dimensional surface with a defined direction. The three anatomical planes of motion are analogous to the cardinal planes and correspond to movement around the axes of the body. The three planes include the sagittal plane, frontal plane (coronal plane), and transverse plane (horizontal plane).

Exercise can be categorized by plane of motion by observing the joint action occurring during the exercise and the plane of motion that joint action occurs parallel to. Consideration of the planes of motion can aid in exercise programming by ensuring that exercises are selected that challenge the body to move and stabilize forces in all 3 planes. For example, most exercises are sagittal plane motions (like a squat), but an activity like getting out of a car requires multiplanar strength. This implies that a program that includes squats may also consider adding lateral movements like lateral lunges (frontal plane) and transverse plane movements like turning step-ups (transverse plane).

Sports medicine professionals (personal trainers, fitness instructors, physical therapists, athletic trainers, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, etc.) will use the planes of motion to aid in the analysis of movement and the creation of sophisticated exercise programs and intervention plans. Further, the planes of motion are essential for future lessons on joint actions; for example, sagittal plane joint actions include flexion and extension, frontal plane joint actions include adduction and abduction, and transverse plane joint actions include internal and external rotation.

Caption: The sagitall, coronal (frontal), and transverse planes

Bibliography

1. Donald A. Neumann, “Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System: Foundations of Rehabilitation – 2nd Edition” © 2012 Mosby, Inc.
2. Tom Myers, Anatomy Trains: Second Edition. © Elsevier Limited 2009
3. David G. Simons, Janet Travell, Lois S. Simons, Travell & Simmons’ Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction, The Trigger Point Manual, Volume 1. Upper Half of Body: Second Edition,© 1999 Williams and Wilkens
4. Cynthia C. Norkin, D. Joyce White, Measurement of Joint Motion: A Guide to Goniometry – Third Edition. © 2003 by F.A. Davis Company
5. Cynthia C. Norkin, Pamela K. Levangie, Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis: Fifth Edition © 2011 F.A. Davis Company
6. Carolyn Richardson, Paul Hodges, Julie Hides. Therapeutic Exercise for Lumbo Pelvic Stabilization – A Motor Control Approach for the Treatment and Prevention of Low Back Pain: 2nd Edition (c) Elsevier Limited, 2004
7. Andrew Biel, Trail Guide to the Human Body: 4th Edition, © 2010
8. David B. Jenkins, Hollinshead’s Functional Anatomy of the Limbs and Back: Eighth Edition © 2002 Saunders
9. John V. Basmajian, Carlo J. De Luca. Muscles Alive: Their Function Revealed by ElectroMyography. 1985