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Functional anatomy of the hip flexors and anterior thigh muscles. Joint actions, location, pictures, and exercises for the psoas, illiacus, rectus femoris, tensor fascia latae (TFL), vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius. 

Lesson 13: Hip Flexors and Anterior Thigh Muscles

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This course describes the hip flexors and anterior thigh muscles (quadriceps) including the psoas, iliacus, tensor fascia latae (TFL), rectus femoris, vastus medialis (VMO), vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius. These muscles contribute to motion of the femur at the hip joint (acetabulofemoral joint) and the knee joint (tibiofemoral joint). Examples include the psoas, iliacus, tensor fascia latae, and rectus femoris contributing to hip flexion during a leg raise or being lengthened during a hip flexor stretch, and the rectus femoris, vastus medialis (VMO), vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius contributing to knee extension during squats, lunges, and a leg press. Note, these muscles also play a role in maintaining optimal posture and optimal arthrokinematics of the hip joint, knee joint, and lumbar spine. Sports medicine professionals (personal trainers, fitness instructors, physical therapists, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, athletic trainers, etc.) must be aware of these muscles for the analysis of human movement, and the development of sophisticated exercise programs and therapeutic (rehabilitation) interventions. Further, this course is essential knowledge for future courses discussing detailed anatomy like neural innervations of the hip flexor musculature (e.g. femoral nerve), the synergistic function of these muscles with other hip muscles (e.g. psoas and iliacus contributing to external rotation with the piriformis and deep rotators of the hip), injury (e.g. hip pain, groin pain, hip flexor pain, hip flexor weakness, hip flexor rupture - you don't always need surgery), and sports performance (e.g. muscle strength of the lower extremity/lower limb).

The psoas muscle which runs from the lumbar spine to the lesser trochanter of the femur

Course Description: Hip Flexor and Anterior Thigh Muscles

In this lecture we will be discussing the 

hip flexors and muscles of the anterior thigh:

 Psoas, iliacus, tensor fascia latae, rectus femoris, and vastus muscles.

 1680s, from Greek psoa (plural psoai) "muscles of the loins." Related: Psoitis. Gk. [psoas], the gen. of the feminine noun [psoa], was mistaken by the French anatomist Jean Riolan (1577-1657) for the nom. of a (nonexistent) masculine noun. It was he who introduced this erroneous form into anatomy." (

 1510s, "pertaining to the disease ileus or colic," from French iliaque or directly from Late Latin iliacus, from ilium "flank, side, entrails" 

 – muscle that stretches or tightens a part, 1704, Modern Latin agent noun from tens-, past participle stem of Latin tendere “to stretch” (

 – 1560s, from Latin fascia “a band, bandage, swathe, ribbon,” derivative of fascis“bundle” (

 early 15c., from Middle French latéral and directly from Latin lateralis“belonging to the side,” from latus (genitive lateris) “side” (

Tensor Fascia Lata roughly translates to – “Muscle that tenses the lateral fascia”

 large extensor muscle of the leg, 1840, from 

. Related: Quadriceps. So called because divided into four parts, or "four heads." (

 1570s, "being of great extent or size," from Middle French vaste, from Latin vastus "immense, extensive, huge." Very popular early 18c. as an intensifier. Related: Vastly; vastness; vasty. (

 from Late Latin medialis "of the middle," from Latin medius "in the middle," (

Note: In Anatomy - Medialis refers to the "midline of the body," as in the mid-sagittal line. It does not refer to "in-between." (

 early 15c., from Medieval Latin intermediatus "lying between," from Latin intermedius "that which is between," from inter- "between" (see 

 early 15c., from Middle French latéral and directly from Latin lateralis "belonging to the side," from latus (genitive lateris) "side" (see 

 (n.)). As a noun, from 1630s, "a side part." As a type of pass to the side in U.S. football, it is attested from 1934. Related: Laterally. (

 c.1400, from Old French rectifier, literally "to make straight" (14c.), from Late Latin rectificare "make right," from Latin rectus "straight" (see 

 (adj.1)) + root of facere "to make" (see 

 1782, from Medieval Latin femoralis, from stem of Latin femur "thigh" (see 

These muscles have attachments on the lumbar spine, pelvis, femur and tibia. They course over two large joints - the hip and the knee (we will discuss the lumbar spine in the core lectures). Before we start analyzing the function of each muscle, make a word bank for each joint.

The location of the psoas major and iliacus running from the spine to femur

A view of the rectus femoris located on the front of the thigh

The vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius

Study Guide

Introduction

Hip Flexors and Anterior Thigh Muscles Study Guide Cover

Study Guide: Hip Flexors and Anterior Thigh Muscles 

In this video, we describe the hip flexors and anterior thigh muscles (quadriceps) which include the psoas, iliacus, tensor fascia latae, rectus femoris, vastus medialis (VMO), vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius. We identify the relative location of these muscles, as well as describe the joint actions associated with each. This course explains how these muscles contribute to hip joint (acetabulofemoral joint) and the knee joint (tibiofemoral joint) flexion and extension, with many examples of daily activities, sports motions, and movement analysis of several exercises. This is foundational knowledge for all movement professionals, including personal trainers, physical therapists, athletic trainers, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, etc.

Video Lesson: Hip Flexor and Anterior Thigh

The psoas major muscle running from the lumbar spine to the femur

Psoas Muscle - Wikipedia Commons - http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Psoas_major_muscle_-_animation05.gif

Psoas (Major and Minor)

The iliacus muscle running from the pelvis to the femur

Iliacus - Wikipedia Commons -http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Iliacus_muscle_-_animation05.gif

The psoas and iliacus muscle making up the iliopsoas complex

Activity: Iliopsoas 

Iliopsoas: Answer Key

Iliacus

 Lateral condyle of tibia via the iliotibial band

The tensor fascia latae muscle running from the lateral side of the hip into the IT band

Tensor Fascia Latae and Iliotibial Band (in Red) - http://breddydotorg.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/tensor-fascia-latae.jpg?w=244&h=378

Tensor Fascia Latae Activity

Tensor Fascia Latae: Answer Key

Tensor Fascia Latae

 Tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon

The rectus femoris muscle running from the pelvis to the knee

Rectus Femoris - Wikipedia/Commons http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rectus_femoris.png/250px-Rectus_femoris.png

Rectus Femoris Activity

Rectus Femoris: Answer Key

Rectus Femoris

The quadriceps muscles including the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius

Quadriceps – Vastus muscle with Rectus Femoris removed on left. http://www.criticalbench.com/online-courses/online-courses/muscles/quadriceps-anatomy.jpg

Vastus Muscles Activity

Vastus Muscles: Answer Key

Vastus Muscles

Carolyn Richardson, Paul Hodges, Julie Hides. Therapeutic Exercise for Lumbo Pelvic Stabilization – A Motor Control Approach for the Treatment and Prevention of Low Back Pain: 2nd Edition (c) Elsevier Limited, 2004

John V. Basmajian, Carlo J. De Luca. Muscles Alive: Their Function Revealed by ElectroMyography. 1985

Bibliography

Questions, comments, and criticisms are welcomed and encouraged

Lesson 13: Hip Flexors and Anterior Thigh Muscles

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