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Functional anatomy of the hamstrings and adductors. Joint actions, location, pictures, and exercises for the hamstrings (bicep femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus) and adductors (gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus).


Lesson 15: Hamstrings and Adductors

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This course describes the hamstring muscles (located on the posterior thigh) and the adductor muscles (located on the inner thigh). The hamstrings include the long head of the biceps femoris, the short head of the biceps femoris, the semitendinosus, and the semimembranosus. These muscles contribute to hip extension (e.g. squats), knee flexion (e.g. leg curls), tibial external rotation (e.g. feet turn out), and tibial internal rotation (e.g. toe-in gait). The adductors include the pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, and gracilis. These muscles contribute to hip adduction (e.g. squeezing legs together), hip flexion (e.g. mountain climbers), and hip internal rotation (e.g. functional valgus a.k.a. knees bow in). Note, these muscles also play a role in maintaining optimal posture and optimal arthrokinematics of the hip and knee joint. Sports medicine professionals (personal trainers, fitness instructors, physical therapists, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, athletic trainers, etc.) must be aware of the hamstring and adductor muscles for analysis of human movement, and the development of sophisticated exercise programs and therapeutic (rehabilitation) interventions. Further, this course is essential knowledge for future courses discussing detailed anatomy like neural innervations (e.g. obturator nerve, sciatic nerve, etc.), the synergistic function of these muscles with other hip muscles (e.g. adductor muscles acting as a hip flexor along with the psoas, iliacus, etc.), injury (e.g. adductor muscle strain, hamstring muscle strain, hip impingement syndrome, etc.), and sports performance (e.g. muscle strength of the lower extremity/lower limb).

Course Description: Hamstrings and Adductors

In this lecture we will be discussing the 

Muscles of the Hamstrings and the Adductors:

 "meat of a hog's hind leg used for food," 1630s, from Old English hamm "hollow or bend of the knee," from Proto-Germanic *hamma- (cognates: Old Norse höm, Middle Low German, Middle Dutch hamme, Old High German hamma), from PIE *konemo- "shin bone" (cognates: Greek kneme "calf of the leg," Old Irish cnaim "bone"). (

 Old English streng "line, cord, thread, string of a bow or harp," in plural "tackle, rigging; lineage, race," from Proto-Germanic *strangiz (cognates: Old Norse strengr, Danish streng, Middle Dutch strenge, Dutch streng, Old High German strang, GermanStrang "rope, cord"), from *strang- "taut, stiff," from PIE root *strenk- "tight, narrow." (

 before vowels sem-, word-forming element meaning "half, part, partly; partial, imperfect; twice," from Latin semi- "half," from PIE *semi- "half" (

 1540s, from Medieval Latin tendonem (nominative tendo), altered (by influence of Latin tendere "to stretch") from Late Latin tenon, from Greek tenon (genitive tenontos) "tendon, sinew," from PIE *ten-on- "something stretched," from root *ten- "to stretch" (

 early 15c., "thin layer of skin or tissue," a term in anatomy, from Latin membrana "a skin, membrane; parchment (skin prepared for writing)." (

 - word-forming element making adjectives from nouns, meaning "having, full of, having to do with, doing, inclined to," from Old French -ous, -eux, from Latin -osus. (

having to do with two halves of a muscle, one thin and membranous, and the other more tendinous and sinewy.

Also Known As (AKA): These muscles are often referred to as the “medial hamstrings”, in opposition to the “lateral hamstrings (a.k.a.the biceps femoris)”, or abbreviated in speech - “the semi’s”.

 1630s (adj.), from Latin biceps “having two parts,” literally “two-headed,” from bis“double” (see 

) + -ceps comb. form of caput “head” (see 

). As a noun meaning “biceps muscle,” from 1640s, so called for its structure. Despite the -s, it is singular, and classicists insist there is no such word as bicep. (

 1560s, from Latin femur "thigh, upper part of the thigh," which is of unknown origin.

 early 15c., from Latin adducere "lead to, bring to, bring along," from ad- "to" (see 

 word-forming element making nouns of quality, state, or condition, from Middle English -our, from Old French -our (Modern French -eur), from Latin -orem (nominative -or), a suffix added to pp. verbal stems. Also in some cases from Latin -atorem (nominative -ator). (

 - The word pectineus comes from the Latin pecten, which translates as “comb.” Os pecten was originally the name given to the bone now referred to as the pubic bone. The prong-like nature of this bone resembled an ancient comb. Since this muscle attached to the comb-bone it became the comb-muscle. (

 - from Latin magnus "great, large, big" (of size) (

 1620s, from Latin gracilis "slender, thin, fine; plain, simple." Not etymologically connected to grace but often regarded as if it is. Perhaps a dissimilated form related to Latin cracens "slender;" if so, perhaps cognate with Sanskrit krsah "thin, weak," Avestankeresa- "lean, meager," Lithuanian karštu "to be very old, to age." (

These muscles have origins on the pelvis (ischium and pubis) and cross the hip before inserting into the femur, or extending further, crossing the knee and attaching to bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula). All of these muscles will play a role in motion of the hip, while only the hamstrings and one of the adductor muscles will play a role in motion of the knee. Before we analyze each muscle, take a moment to create a "Joint Action Word Bank" by listing all possible joint actions.

The long head and short head of the bicep femoris attaching on the fibular head

Anatomy of the posterior thigh showing the biceps femoris and semitendionsus and semimembranosus

The adductors, including the pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, and gracilis

The location of the adductor magnus on the posterior side of the thigh

Study Guide

Introduction

Hamstring and Adductors Course Study Guide

Study Guide: Hamstrings and Adductors

In this video, we describe the hamstrings and adductors which include the long and short head of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, pectineus, adductor brevis, adductors longus, adductor magnus, and gracilis. We identify the relative location of these muscles, as well as describe the joint actions associated with each. This course explains how these muscles contribute to hip joint (acetabulofemoral joint) extension, flexion, external rotation, and internal rotation; and knee joint (tibiofemoral joint) flexion, with many examples of daily activities, sports motions, and movement analysis of several exercises. This is foundational knowledge for all movement professionals, including personal trainers, physical therapists, athletic trainers, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, etc.

Video Lesson: Hamstrings

Anatomy of the posterior upper leg. Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Lateral hamstring tendons, Medial hamstring tendons, Adductor magnus, Vastus lateralis.

Attachment locations of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and gracilis

Activity: Hamstring

Hamstring: Answer Key

Hamstring Muscles

In this video, we describe the adductors which include the pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, and gracilis. We identify the relative location of these muscles, as well as describe the joint actions associated with each. This course explains how these muscles contribute to hip joint (acetabulofemoral joint) flexion; and knee joint (tibiofemoral joint) flexion, with many examples of daily activities, sports motions, and movement analysis of several exercises. This is foundational knowledge for all movement professionals, including personal trainers, physical therapists, athletic trainers, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, etc.

Video Lesson: Adductors

The origin and insertion of the pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, and gracilis

Adductors - http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Anterior_Hip_Muscles_2.PNG

Gracilis (only adductor to cross the knee)

Activity: Adductors

Adductor: Answer Key

Adductor Complex

Name all of the muscles that will contribute to flexion and extension of the hip.

Flexors and Extensors of the Hip: Answer Key

Graphing Joint Actions Activity

From the pictures below, tell me what joint these muscles cross and the joint actions they perform.

Hopefully, the muscles below are muscles you are unfamiliar with (for the sake of this activity). Follow the same methodology we have used to analyze all of the muscles taught previously. You should be able to determine what joint these muscles cross, and what joint actions they are capable of – without even knowing the name of the muscles.

For professors, teachers, instructors, and educators:

This is a great activity you can place anywhere within your functional anatomy course. You can break up the class into groups and have each group analyze a different picture of a muscle and teach it back to the class, you can just choose random muscles to break up the monotony of a functional anatomy lecture and challenge the classes critical evaluation skills, or you can print out pictures of muscles to take home and assign this activity as homework.

The deep external rotators of the hip capsule

http://o.quizlet.com/online-courses/online-courses/i/a9Jzg29VYSpETETy_Yc08g_m.jpg

What direction do their fibers run? Does the direction of the fibers imply better function in one plane?

What joint actions will this muscle perform?

What direction or directions do the fibers run?

Determine the Function Lower Body: Answer Key

Activity: Determine the Function of the Unidentified Muscle

Internal and External Rotators of the Hip

Name all of the muscles that will contribute to internal rotation and external rotation of the hip.

Internal and External Rotators of the Hip: Answer Key

Activity: Internal and External Rotators of the Hip

Carolyn Richardson, Paul Hodges, Julie Hides. Therapeutic Exercise for Lumbo Pelvic Stabilization – A Motor Control Approach for the Treatment and Prevention of Low Back Pain: 2nd Edition (c) Elsevier Limited, 2004

John V. Basmajian, Carlo J. De Luca. Muscles Alive: Their Function Revealed by ElectroMyography. 1985

Bibliography

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Lesson 15: Hamstrings and Adductors

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