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Functional anatomy of the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and teres major. Joint actions, location, pictures, and exercises for the pecs, lats, and teres major.

Lesson 10: Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, and Teres Major

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This course describes the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and teres major, which contribute to motion of the humerus at the shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint).

The latissimus dorsi muscle is the largest muscle of the upper body. The latissimus dorsi tendon inserts under the deltoid on the humerus (upper arm bone), although there may be a small additional insertion on the scapula (shoulder blade), and the muscle originates from the lumbar vertebra and pelvis. This muscle is the prime mover of shoulder extension and adduction, and it may contribute to shoulder internal rotation (medial rotation), as well as lumbar extension, lumbar rotation, and lumbar lateral flexion. Interesting facts, the latissimus dorsi is the largest skeletal muscle of the upper body, may be biased toward type II muscle fibers, and a flap of this muscle is often used in surgical procedures.

The teres major muscle is located inferior to the teres minor muscle (a rotator cuff muscle), has a tendon that inserts on the upper arm near the insertion of the latissimus dorsi and subscapularis, and the muscle originates on the inferior angle of the scapula (shoulder blade). This muscle will perform the same joint actions at the shoulder as the latissimus dorsi, including shoulder joint extension, adduction and internal rotation (medial rotation). Interesting facts, over-activity of this muscle may be addressed with physical therapy for the treatment of shoulder impingement syndrome, and a teres major steak from a cow may be used as “mock” beef tenderloin.

The pectoralis major muscle has a large muscle belly on the anterior surface of the chest wall, superficial to the pectoralis minor, and is comprised of a sternocostal head and a clavicular head. The tendon inserts under the deltoid on the upper arm, near the insertion of the latissimus dorsi and rotator cuff muscles. This muscle is the prime mover of shoulder horizontal adduction, and will contribute to adduction, flexion, and internal rotation. Interesting facts, pectoralis major injuries including a partially torn muscle or partial tendon tear, are rarely surgically repaired. Surgical repair is generally reserved for a complete rupture.

Sports medicine professionals (personal trainers, fitness instructors, physical therapists, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, athletic trainers, etc.) must be aware of these major muscles of the shoulder for detailed analysis of human movement, and the development of sophisticated exercise programs and therapeutic (rehabilitation) interventions. Further, this course is essential knowledge for future courses discussing more detailed anatomy like neural innervations (e.g. the thoracodorsal nerve), synergistic function with other muscles of the shoulder and scapula (e.g. deltoids, serratus anterior, trapezius muscle, etc.), role in injury (e.g. shoulder pain, shoulder impingement syndrome, muscle flap procedures, hypertonic muscle fibers, muscle strain, pectoralis major tear), and sports performance (e.g. throwing, shooting, punching, lifting).

For more advanced anatomy check out our integrated functional anatomy courses:

The latissimus dorsi covering the majority of the thoracic and lumbar spine

Course Description: Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, and Teres Major

Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major

Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major Study Guide

Study Guide: Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major

In this video, we describe the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and teres major. We identify the relative location of these muscles, and the joint actions they perform at the shoulder, lumbar spine, and scapula. Further, this course explains the recruitment of these muscles during daily activities, exercises, sports motions, and movement analysis. This is foundational knowledge for all movement professionals, including personal trainers, physical therapists, athletic trainers, massage therapists, chiropractors, occupational therapists, etc.

Video Lesson: Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, and Teres Major

Pectorlis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, and Teres Major

In this lecture we will be discussing the 

 early 15c., “ornament worn on the breast,” from Middle French pectoral and directly from Latin pectorale “breastplate,” noun use of neuter of adjective pectoralis (see 

 (adj.)). – As a shortened form of pectoral muscle, attested from 1758. Slang shortening pec for this is first recorded 1966. Related: Pectorals; pecs. (

 (“widest, broadest”), superlative of 

 early 15c., from Old French dorsal (14c.) or directly from Medieval Latin dorsalis, corresponding to Latin dorsualis "of the back," from dorsum "back," of uncertain origin. (

 - of latin origin referring to "round" or "cylindrical" (

 c.1300, from Latin maior (earlier *magjos), irregular comparative of magnus "large, great" (see 

These muscles originate on the axial skeleton (except the 

 which originates on the lateral border of the scapula) and insert into the bicipital groove of the anterior humeral head. These muscles cross the shoulder (glenohumeral joint) and assist in the motion of the arm. 

Although they may have an indirect role in scapular motion, in this lesson we will only consider actions of the shoulder.

 Before we start analyzing the function of each muscle, make a word bank for yourself. What are the joint actions of the shoulder? The muscles in this lecture must perform joint actions in this word bank… they cannot perform any other actions. For example, there is no such thing as 

Note the pectoralis major muscle location on the sternum and clavicle, inserting into the humerus

A posterior image of the latissimus dorsi and teres major, in addition the thoracolumbar fascia, gluteus maximus, and trapezius muslces

Study Guide

Introduction

: Medial half of clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilages of ribs 1 or 2 through ribs 6 or 7.

Pectoralis Major - http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gray410.png/375px-Gray410.png

Pectoralis Major Activity

Pectoralis Major Answer Key

An image of the chest fly exercise being performed on a bench

Exercise Graph (Chest Fly)

Chest Fly Answer Key

Pectoralis Major

: Lower 4 ribs, the crest of ilium, thoracolumbar fascia, spinous processes of T7-L5, thoracolumbar fascia, and inferior angle of the scapula

A posterior view of the latissimus dorsi muscle on the back side of the body

Latissimus Dorsi - http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Latissimus_dorsi_muscle_animation.gif

Latissimus Dorsi Activity

Latissimus Dorsi Answer Key

Latissimus Dorsi

The location of the teres minor muscle running from the scapula to the humerus

Note how teres major follows a similar path from the scapula to humerus as the latissimus dorsi. - http://dragongatefitness.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/backanat.jpg

Teres Major Activity

Teres Major Answer Key

Teres Major

Internal and External Rotators of the Shoulder

Name all of the muscles that will contribute to internal rotation and external rotation of the shoulder

Do you notice an imbalance between the number and size of the muscles listed on each side of the graph? Do you think this could be a contributing factor to the internally rotated shoulders we see in those individuals with poor upper body posture?

Internal and External Rotators of the Shoulder: Answer Key

Internal and External Rotators of the Shoulder Activity

Are the Pectoralis Major and Latissimus Dorsi really Opposites?

"Push/Pull" routines, also known as "Chest & Back" routines are commonly used resistance/weight training routines. They are thought to promote balance, but do they really?

1. In the graph below, fill in all of the joint actions for each muscle and compare.

Notice the congruency between the  pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and teres major muscles

Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor, and Latissimus Dorsi - http://ittcs.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/img_0350.jpg?w=500&h=675

Pectoralis Major and Latissimus Dorsi: Answer Key

Pectoralis Major and Latissimus Dorsi Activity

Carolyn Richardson, Paul Hodges, Julie Hides. Therapeutic Exercise for Lumbo Pelvic Stabilization – A Motor Control Approach for the Treatment and Prevention of Low Back Pain: 2nd Edition (c) Elsevier Limited, 2004

John V. Basmajian, Carlo J. De Luca. Muscles Alive: Their Function Revealed by ElectroMyography. 1985

Bibliography 

Questions, comments, and criticisms are welcomed and encouraged

Lesson 10: Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, and Teres Major

Related Courses:

Course Description: Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, and Teres Major

Study Guide: Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major

Video Lesson: Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, and Teres Major

Introduction
1 Sub Section

Pectoralis Major
4 Sub Sections

Latissimus Dorsi
2 Sub Sections

Teres Major
2 Sub Sections

Internal and External Rotators of the Shoulder Activity
1 Sub Section

Pectoralis Major and Latissimus Dorsi Activity
1 Sub Section

Bibliography

Related Courses:

Comments

Guest

Lesson 10: Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, and Teres Major

Related Courses:

Course Description: Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, and Teres Major

Study Guide: Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major

Video Lesson: Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi, and Teres Major

Introduction1 Sub Section

Pectoralis Major4 Sub Sections

Latissimus Dorsi2 Sub Sections

Teres Major2 Sub Sections

Internal and External Rotators of the Shoulder Activity1 Sub Section

Pectoralis Major and Latissimus Dorsi Activity1 Sub Section

Bibliography

Related Courses:

Comments

Guest

Introduction
1 Sub Section

Pectoralis Major
4 Sub Sections

Latissimus Dorsi
2 Sub Sections

Teres Major
2 Sub Sections

Internal and External Rotators of the Shoulder Activity
1 Sub Section

Pectoralis Major and Latissimus Dorsi Activity
1 Sub Section