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Endurance Training: Evidence-based Model
Endurance Training: Evidence-based Model

Endurance Training: Evidence-based Model

Muscular endurance, often labeled “strength endurance,” is a common goal in resistance training, yet most endurance-training models rely heavily on expert opinion, mechanistic hypotheses, or incomplete readings of the literature. This is the first comprehensively evidence-based model.

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Course Summary: Endurance Training

Introduction:

Evidence-based endurance training recommendations:

This course was developed to answer a simple but surprisingly unsettled question: What does the total body of research actually say about training for muscular endurance (often labeled “strength endurance”)? Rather than relying on expert opinion, mechanistic hypotheses, or trending “guru” beliefs, this course integrates hundreds of peer-reviewed and published studies to develop evidence-based, best-practice recommendations. You will not learn “one magic protocol.” Instead, you will learn how acute variable ranges influence endurance outcomes, and why the most effective recommendation often depends on what load and task you are trying to endure. Our systematic review demonstrates that many programs will “work”; however, “slightly better” options for each acute variable likely add up to significantly better outcomes over months and years.

Throughout the course, we emphasize outcomes over mechanisms. Mechanistic hypotheses (e.g., fiber type shifts, capillary density, metabolite accumulation, buffering capacity, or hormonal signaling) can be useful for generating ideas, but they are only valuable if they lead to recommendations that improve measurable endurance outcomes. Wherever possible, we base recommendations on studies that directly compare practical programming decisions: lighter versus heavier loads, high versus moderate repetition ranges, sets taken to failure versus reps in reserve, short versus long rest intervals, conventional versus circuit formats, single versus multiple sets, drop sets versus traditional set structures, and periodized versus non-periodized routines. We also address a central nuance that is often ignored in endurance discussions: endurance is likely load-specific, and potentially exercise-specific. If the goal is more repetitions with a given load, training must include exposure to that load, not just “higher reps” in general.

We also highlight research that does not support popular trends. For example, we address oversold concepts such as endurance days defined solely by very light loads and short rest, rigid block periodization as a default, rest prescriptions based only on “endurance goals,” and volume targets that exceed recoverable capacity. We also address why some commonly promoted strategies add complexity without reliably improving outcomes, and why certain “endurance phases” may be unnecessary for many trainees when more efficient strategies, such as appropriately applied drop sets and goal-specific loading, can produce equal or superior endurance adaptations.

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

  • Understand how each modifiable acute variable influences endurance outcomes, and when endurance recommendations should be goal- and load-specific.
  • Build programs that place most training time in optimal acute variable ranges (e.g., controlled eccentrics with maximal voluntary concentric contractions, high effort sets taken to or near failure, light to moderate loads for many endurance tests, sufficient rest to preserve performance across sets, and a progressive increase from 1–5 sets per muscle group per session).
  • Decide when to integrate advanced strategies, such as drop sets, circuit training for efficiency, undulating structures across light, moderate, and intermittent heavier days, and strategically using reps in reserve to manage fatigue in athletes or higher-frequency training.
  • Evaluate existing endurance programs, identify which recommendations are optimal or suboptimal for the goal and testing demands, and systematically adjust variables to improve expected value (reliability × effect size) for a given client, patient, or athlete.

This course is designed for professionals who already understand some basics of resistance training but want to align their endurance programming with the most complete and accurate endurance model available. You will learn not only what to do but also become aware of the research that supports each recommendation, and how to adapt this model to real-world constraints, preferences, and goals.

Downgrading Endurance Training

It is not entirely inaccurate to argue that “strength endurance” is not a distinct training goal. Although certain physiological adaptations can increase fatigue resistance and the ability to sustain force production, evidence suggests that endurance adaptations are load- and velocity-specific, and potentially exercise-specific. “Strength endurance” is often defined as the ability to lift submaximal loads for more repetitions; however, due to the specificity of adaptation, strength endurance cannot be narrowly defined as only performing lighter loads for more repetitions. A more accurate definition may consider “strength” and “endurance” on a continuum of shared acute variables adjusted to match the client’s goal.

Practically, if the goal is to perform more repetitions with a heavy load, training must include attempts to increase repetitions at that load. Increasing maximal strength can contribute to endurance, but optimizing performance with lighter loads requires dedicating some training time to improving repetition performance with those lighter loads. For example, if the goal is to increase bench press performance from 7 reps/set at 225 lb to 12 reps/set at 225 lb, performing sets of 155 lb for 15-20 repetitions is unlikely to result in significant improvements at 225lb. Furthermore, if the goal is to perform 155 for 20 reps/set, it is unlikely that training with 7-10 reps/set at 225 will yield optimal outcomes.

Because of the issues discussed above, this model is not entirely distinct from the evidence-based strength training model .

Last, 3 research findings may imply that "endurance training" as a phase or day should be deprioritized. Namely, strength endurance is not necessarily more beneficial for aerobic endurance athletes; endurance is likely load-specific, and drop sets (starting with heavier loads) may be more effective for improving endurance than conventional sets.

Three research findings that should temper an emphasis on endurance training

  1. Strength endurance and aerobic performance: Repetition range appears to have minimal influence on the aerobic benefits derived from strength training (33–35).
  2. Load specificity: Endurance is likely specific to both load and exercise. When endurance is assessed using repetitions to failure with light loads, lighter load training and higher repetitions typically produce the greatest improvements. Conversely, training primarily with heavy loads and fewer repetitions may reduce reps/set with light loads. If the goal is more repetitions with heavy loads, then heavy-load training with reps-to-failure/set is likely the best approach.
  3. Drop sets: Drop sets may be an appropriate progression for advanced exercisers who benefit from higher training volumes, for example, individuals already performing three or more conventional sets per muscle group. Drop sets have been shown to increase endurance, potentially to a greater extent than traditional set configurations. For many individuals, performing drop-sets regularly may reduce the need for separate “endurance-focused” work.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is strength endurance?

  • Strength endurance (often called muscular endurance) is the ability to sustain repeated contractions, typically measured as repetitions to failure at a submaximal load, or maintaining force or torque output over time.

What is the difference between muscular endurance and strength endurance?

  • In practice, these terms are usually used interchangeably. In this course, we use “strength endurance” to emphasize that endurance adaptations are expressed during resistance-training tasks and are influenced by the same acute variables that govern strength and hypertrophy, particularly load, repetitions, rest, and proximity to failure.

How do you increase muscular endurance?

  • Muscular endurance improves most reliably when training includes (1) sufficient exposure to the load and exercise pattern you want to improve, and (2) repeated sets taken to or near failure, while keeping weekly volume within recoverable limits. This is consistent with position stand guidance that endurance responds well to lighter loads and higher repetitions, but the course additionally emphasizes load specificity, meaning you improve what you practice.

What rep range is best for strength endurance?

  • Most general guidelines define endurance training as high repetition work (commonly 15+ reps per set), typically with lighter loads. For programming, this course emphasizes that the “best” rep range depends on the load you are trying to endure. If your goal is 12 reps at a heavier submaximal load, training must include meaningful time at that heavier load, not only very high rep sets.

What weight should I lift for strength endurance?

  • A common evidence-based recommendation is light to moderate loading (often cited around 40–60% of 1RM) performed for high repetitions (15+), especially when the goal is local muscular endurance at lighter loads. If your goal is endurance at a heavier load (e.g., increasing reps at 80% 1RM), the model recommends goal-specific loading to ensure that adaptations transfer to that test.

Should I train to failure for muscular endurance?

  • For local muscular endurance outcomes measured as repetitions to failure, high effort sets taken to or near failure are often the most direct way to drive the specific adaptation you are testing. Your model also discusses situations in which leaving 1 to 2 reps in reserve may be appropriate (e.g., for athletes, in high-frequency training, or when fatigue management is the limiting factor).

How long should I rest between sets for strength endurance?

  • A long rest of 3 minutes or more is necessary to optimize set performance (force, time under tension, reps/set). Although many professional organizations have recommended short rest periods for endurance, shorter rest periods result in significant performance declines from set to set.

Are drop sets effective for improving muscular endurance?

  • Drop sets are an efficient way to extend a set past initial fatigue and accumulate more total repetitions near failure in a short amount of time, and research suggests they can improve muscular endurance measures (for example, repetitions to failure at submaximal loads), sometimes to a greater extent than conventional set structures. In this model, drop sets are recommended as a progression for experienced exercisers, and when applied strategically they may reduce the need for separate endurance focused training days.

Pre-approved Credits for:

Pre-approved for Continuing Education Credits for:

This course includes:

  • AI Tutor
  • Course Summary Webinar
  • Study Guide
  • Text and Illustrations
  • Audio Voice-over
  • Research Review
  • Sample Routine
  • Practice Exam
  • Pre-approved 3 Credit Final Exam

Acute Variable Courses:

Course Study Guide: Endurance Training: Evidence-based Model

Endurance Training: Webinar

Preface: The First Comprehensively Evidence-based Endurance Training Model

Endurance Training Model: Acute Variables and Programming
3 Sub Sections

Summary of Research Findings

Research Findings: Acute Variables
13 Sub Sections

Sample Programs
2 Sub Sections

Bibliography

Bibliography

Tempo

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    • Repetition Range
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    • Sets to Failure
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    • Load
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    • Range of Motion (ROM)
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    • Exercise Order
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  376. Jones, T. W., Howatson, G., Russell, M., & French, D. N. (2017). Effects of strength and endurance exercise order on endocrine responses to concurrent training. European journal of sport science, 17(3), 326-334.
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  378. Cadore, E. L., Izquierdo, M., Alberton, C. L., Pinto, R. S., Conceição, M., Cunha, G., Radaelli, R., Bottaro, M., Trindade, G. T., & Kruel, L. F. (2012). Strength prior to endurance intra-session exercise sequence optimizes neuromuscular and cardiovascular gains in elderly men. Experimental gerontology, 47(2), 164–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2011.11.013
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    • Chest Exercise Progressions
  381. Trebs, A. A., Brandenburg, J. P., & Pitney, W. A. (2010). An electromyography analysis of 3 muscles surrounding the shoulder joint during the performance of a chest press exercise at several angles. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(7), 1925-1930.
  382. Christian, J. R., Gothart, S. E., Graham, H. K., Barganier, K. D., & Whitehead, P. N. (2023). Analysis of the Activation of Upper-Extremity Muscles During Various Chest Press Modalities. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 37(2), 265-269.
  383. Ferreira, D. V., Ferreira-Júnior, J. B., Soares, S. R., Cadore, E. L., Izquierdo, M., Brown, L. E., & Bottaro, M. (2017). Chest press exercises with different stability requirements result in similar muscle damage recovery in resistance-trained men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(1), 71-79.
  384. Izquierdo, Lee E., and Martim Bottaro. "CHEST PRESS EXERCISES WITH DIFFERENT STABILITY REQUIREMENTS RESULT IN SIMILAR MUSCLE DAMAGE RECOVERY IN RESISTANCE TRAINED MEN." (2016).
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  386. Uribe, B. P., Coburn, J. W., Brown, L. E., Judelson, D. A., Khamoui, A. V., & Nguyen, D. (2010). Muscle activation when performing the chest press and shoulder press on a stable bench vs. a Swiss ball. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(4), 1028-1033.
  387. Goodman, C. A., Pearce, A. J., Nicholes, C. J., Gatt, B. M., & Fairweather, I. H. (2008). No difference in 1 RM load strength and muscle activation during the barbell chest press on a stable and unstable surface. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(1), 88-94.
  388. Marshall, P. W., & Murphy, B. A. (2006). Increased deltoid and abdominal muscle activity during stability ball bench press. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(4), 745-750.
  389. Lehman, G. J., Gordon, T., Langley, J., Pemrose, P., & Tregaskis, S. (2005). Replacing a stability ball for an exercise bench causes variable changes in trunk muscle activity during upper limb strength exercises. Dynamic Medicine, 4, 1-7.
  390. Norwood, J. T., Anderson, G. S., Gaetz, M. B., & Twist, P. W. (2007). Electromyographic activity of the trunk stabilizers during stable and unstable bench press. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(2), 343-347.
  391. Saeterbakken, A. H., & Fimland, M. S. (2013). Electromyographic activity and 6RM strength in bench press on stable and unstable surfaces. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(4), 1101-1107
  392. Saeterbakken, A. H., Andersen, V., van den Tillaar, R., Joly, F., Stien, N., Pedersen, H., ... & Solstad, T. E. J. (2020). The effects of ten weeks resistance training on sticking region in chest-press exercises. PLoS One, 15(7), e0235555.
  393. Campbell, B. M., Kutz, M. R., Morgan, A. L., Fullenkamp, A. M., & Ballenger, R. (2014). An evaluation of upper-body muscle activation during coupled and uncoupled instability resistance training. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(7), 1833-1838.
  394. Dunnick, D. D., Brown, L. E., Coburn, J. W., Lynn, S. K., & Barillas, S. R. (2015). Bench press upper-body muscle activation between stable and unstable loads. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(12), 3279-3283.
  395. Lawrence, M. A., Leib, D. J., Ostrowski, S. J., & Carlson, L. A. (2017). Nonlinear analysis of an unstable bench press bar path and muscle activation. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(5), 1206-1211.
  396. Ostrowski, S. J., Carlson, L. A., & Lawrence, M. A. (2017). Effect of an unstable load on primary and stabilizing muscles during the bench press. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(2), 430-434.
  397. Lawrence, M. A., Ostrowski, S. J., Leib, D. J., & Carlson, L. A. (2021). Effect of unstable loads on stabilizing muscles and bar motion during the bench press. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 35, S120-S126.
  398. Harris, S., Ruffin, E., Brewer, W., & Ortiz, A. (2017). Muscle activation patterns during suspension training exercises. International journal of sports physical therapy, 12(1), 42.
  399. Beach, T. A., Howarth, S. J., & Callaghan, J. P. (2008). Muscular contribution to low-back loading and stiffness during standard and suspended push-ups. Human Movement Science, 27(3), 457-472.
  400. Maeo, S., Chou, T., Yamamoto, M., & Kanehisa, H. (2014). Muscular activities during sling-and ground-based push-up exercise. BMC research notes, 7, 1-7.
  401. Borreani, S., Calatayud, J., Colado, J. C., Moya-Nájera, D., Triplett, N. T., & Martin, F. (2015). Muscle activation during push-ups performed under stable and unstable conditions. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 13(2), 94-98.
  402. McGill, S. M., Cannon, J., & Andersen, J. T. (2014). Analysis of pushing exercises: Muscle activity and spine load while contrasting techniques on stable surfaces with a labile suspension strap training system. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(1), 105-116.
  403. Gioftsos, G., Arvanitidis, M., Tsimouris, D., Kanellopoulos, A., Paras, G., Trigkas, P., & Sakellari, V. (2016). EMG activity of the serratus anterior and trapezius muscles during the different phases of the push-up plus exercise on different support surfaces and different hand positions. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(7), 2114-2118.
  404. Seo, S. H., Jeon, I. H., Cho, Y. H., Lee, H. G., Hwang, Y. T., & Jang, J. H. (2013). Surface EMG during the push-up plus exercise on a stable support or Swiss ball: scapular stabilizer muscle exercise. Journal of physical therapy science, 25(7), 833-837.
  405. Lehman, G. J., MacMillan, B., MacIntyre, I., Chivers, M., & Fluter, M. (2006). Shoulder muscle EMG activity during push up variations on and off a Swiss ball. Dynamic Medicine, 5, 1-7.
  406. Lehman, G. J., Gilas, D., & Patel, U. (2008). An unstable support surface does not increase scapulothoracic stabilizing muscle activity during push up and push up plus exercises. Manual therapy, 13(6), 500-506.
  407. Park, S. Y., & Yoo, W. G. (2011). Differential activation of parts of the serratus anterior muscle during push-up variations on stable and unstable bases of support. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 21(5), 861-867.
    • Back Progressions
  408. García-Jaén, M., Sanchis-Soler, G., Carrión-Adán, A., & Cortell-Tormo, J. M. (2021). Electromyographical responses of the lumbar, dorsal and shoulder musculature during the bent-over row exercise: a comparison between standing and bench postures (a preliminary study).
  409. Youdas, J. W., Kleis, M., Krueger, E. T., Thompson, S., Walker, W. A., & Hollman, J. H. (2021). Recruitment of shoulder complex and torso stabilizer muscles with rowing exercises using a suspension strap training system. Sports Health, 13(1), 85-90.
  410. Fenwick, C. M., Brown, S. H., & McGill, S. M. (2009). Comparison of different rowing exercises: trunk muscle activation and lumbar spine motion, load, and stiffness. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(5), 1408-1417.
  411. de Abreu Vasconcelos, C. M. W., Lopes, C. R., Almeida, V. M., Neto, W. K., & Soares, E. (2023). Effect Of Different Grip Position And Shoulder-Abduction Angle On Muscle Strength And Activation During The Seated Cable Row. International Journal of Strength and Conditioning, 3(1).
  412. Youdas, J. W., Hubble, J. W., Johnson, P. G., McCarthy, M. M., Saenz, M. M., & Hollman, J. H. (2020). Scapular muscle balance and spinal stabilizer recruitment during an inverted row. Physiotherapy theory and practice, 36(3), 432-443.Harris, S., Ruffin, E., Brewer, W. and Ortiz, A. (2017) Muscle activation patterns during suspension training exercises. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 12(1), 42-52.
  413. Snarr, R. L., & Esco, M. R. (2013). Comparison of electromyographic activity when performing an inverted row with and without a suspension device. Age (yrs), 26(4.2), 22-3.
  414. Snarr, R., Nickerson, B., & Esco, M. (2014). Effects of hand-grip during the inverted row with and without a suspension device: An electromyographical investigation. Euro J Sports Exerc Sci, 3, 1-5.
  415. McGill, S. M., Cannon, J., & Andersen, J. T. (2014). Muscle activity and spine load during pulling exercises: influence of stable and labile contact surfaces and technique coaching. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 24(5), 652-665.
  416. Lehman, G. J., Buchan, D. D., Lundy, A., Myers, N., & Nalborczyk, A. (2004). Variations in muscle activation levels during traditional latissimus dorsi weight training exercises: An experimental study. Dynamic Medicine, 3, 1-5.
  417. Doma, K., Deakin, G. B., & Ness, K. F. (2013). Kinematic and electromyographic comparisons between chin-ups and lat-pull down exercises. Sports biomechanics, 12(3), 302–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2012.760204
  418. Park, S. Y., & Yoo, W. G. (2013). Selective activation of the latissimus dorsi and the inferior fibers of trapezius at various shoulder angles during isometric pull-down exertion. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 23(6), 1350-1355.
  419. Signorile, J. E., Zink, A. J., & Szwed, S. P. (2002). A comparative electromyographical investigation of muscle utilization patterns using various hand positions during the lat pull-down. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 16(4), 539-546.
  420. Padovan, R., Toninelli, N., Longo, S., Tornatore, G., Esposito, F., Cè, E., & Coratella, G. (2024). High-density electromyography excitation in front vs. back lat pull-down prime movers. Journal of Human Kinetics, 91(Spec Issue), 47.
  421. Sperandei, S., Barros, M. A., Silveira-Júnior, P. C., & Oliveira, C. G. (2009). Electromyographic analysis of three different types of lat pull-down. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(7), 2033-2038.
  422. Lusk, S. J., Hale, B. D., & Russell, D. M. (2010). Grip width and forearm orientation effects on muscle activity during the lat pull-down. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(7), 1895-1900.
  423. Andersen, V., Fimland, M. S., Wiik, E., Skoglund, A., & Saeterbakken, A. H. (2014). Effects of grip width on muscle strength and activation in the lat pull-down. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(4), 1135-1142.
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  426. Williamson, T., & Price, P. D. (2021). A comparison of muscle activity between strict, kipping and butterfly pull-ups. The Journal of Sport and Exercise Science, 5(2), 149-155.Cueing and Coaching (and 11)
  427. Snyder, B. J., & Leech, J. R. (2009). Voluntary increase in latissimus dorsi muscle activity during the lat pull-down following expert instruction. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(8), 2204-2209
    • Shoulder Exercise Progressions
  428. Saeterbakken, A. H., & Fimland, M. S. (2013). Effects of body position and loading modality on muscle activity and strength in shoulder presses. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(7), 1824-1831.
  429. Lehman, G. J., Gordon, T., Langley, J., Pemrose, P. and Tregaskis, S. (2005) Replacing a Swiss ball for an exercise bench causes variable changes in trunk muscle activity during limb strength exercises. Dynamic Medicine, 4(6), doi: 10.1186/1476-5918-4-6
  430. Kohler, J. M., Flanagan, S. P., & Whiting, W. C. (2010). Muscle activation patterns while lifting stable and unstable loads on stable and unstable surfaces. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(2), 313-321.
  431. Behm, D. G., Leonard, A. M., Young, W. B., Bonsey, W. A. C., & MacKinnon, S. N. (2005). Trunk muscle electromyographic activity with unstable and unilateral exercises. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(1), 193-201.
  432. Williams Jr, M. R., Hendricks, D. S., Dannen, M. J., Arnold, A. M., & Lawrence, M. A. (2020). Activity of shoulder stabilizers and prime movers during an unstable overhead press. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 34(1), 73-78.
  433. Baritello, O., Khajooei, M., Engel, T., Kopinski, S., Quarmby, A., Mueller, S., & Mayer, F. (2020). Neuromuscular shoulder activity during exercises with different combinations of stable and unstable weight mass. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 12, 1-14.
  434. Sweeney, S. P. (2014). Electromyographic analysis of the deltoid muscle during various shoulder exercises (Doctoral dissertation).
  435. Keogh, J. W., Aickin, S. E., & Oldham, A. R. (2010). Can common measures of core stability distinguish performance in a shoulder pressing task under stable and unstable conditions?. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(2), 422-429.
    • Leg Exercise Progressions
  436. Park, J. K., Lee, D. Y., Kim, J. S., Hong, J. H., You, J. H. and Park, I. M. (2015) Effects of visibility and types of the ground surface on the muscle activities of the vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis. Journal of Physical Therapy Sciences, 27, 2435-2437
  437. Han, D., Nam, S., Song, J., Lee, W. and Kang, T. (2017) The effect of knee flexion angles and ground conditions on the muscle activation of the lower extremity in the squat position. The Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 29, 1852-1855.
  438. Li, Y., Cao, C. and Chen, X. (2013) Similar electromyographic activities of lower limbs between squatting on a reebok core board and ground. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(5), 1349-1353
  439. Andersen, V., Fimland, M. S., Brennset, O., Haslestad, L. R., Lundteigen, M. S., Skalleberg, K. and Saeterbakken, A. H. (2014) Muscle activation and strength in squat and Bulgarian squat on stable and unstable surface. Sports Medicine, 35, 1196-1202
  440. Saeterbakken, A. H. and Fimland, M. S. (2013) Muscle force output and electromyographic activity in squats with various unstable surfaces. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(1), 130-136
  441. Lawrence, M. A. and Carlson, L. A. (2015) Effects of an unstable load on force and muscle activation during a parallel back squat. Journal of Strength and Conditioning, 29(10), 2949-2953
  442. Ditroilo, M., O'Sullivan, R., Harnan, B., Crossey, A., Gillmor, B., Dardis, W. and Grainger, A. (2018) Water-filled training tubes increase core muscle activation and somatosensory control of balance during squat. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(17), 2002-2008
  443. Stuart, M. J., Meglan, D. A., Lutz, G. E., Growney, E. S. and An, K. N. (1996) Comparison of intersegmental tibiofemoral joint forces and muscle acdtivity during various closed kinetic chain exercises. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 24(6), 792-799
  444. DeForest, B. A., Cantrell, G. S. and Schilling, B. K. (2014) Muscle activity in single- vs. double-leg squats. International Journal of Exercise Science, 7(4), 302-310
  445. Jones, M. T., Ambegaonkar, J. P., Nindl, B. C., Smith, J. A. and Headley, S. A. (2012) Effects of unilateral and bilateral lower-body heavy resistance exercise on muscle activity and testosterone responses. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(4), 1094-1100
  446. McCurdy, K., O'Kelley, E., Kutz, M., Langford, G., Ernest, J. and Torres, M. (2010) Comparison of lower extremity EMG between the 2-leg squat and modified single-leg squat in female athletes. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 19, 57-70
  447. McCurdy, K., Walker, J. and Yuen, D. Gluteus maximus and hamstring activation during selected weight-bearing resistance exercises. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,
  448. Lubahn, A. J., Kernozek, T. W., Tyson, T. L., Merkitch, K. W., Reutemann, P. and Chestnut, J. M. (2011) Hip muscle activation and knee frontal plane motion during weight bearing therapeutic exercises. The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 6(2), 92-103
  449. Eliassen, W., Saeterbakken, A. H. and van den Tillaar, R. (2018) Comparison of bilateral and unilateral squat exercises on barbell kinematics and muscle activation. The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 13(5), 871-881
  450. Krause, D. A., Elliott, J. J., Fraboni, D. F., McWilliams, T. J., Rebhan, R. L. and Hollman, J. H. (2018) Electromyography of the hip and thigh muscles during two variations of the lunge exercise: a cross-sectional study. The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 13(2), 137-14
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  452. DiStefano, L. J., Blackburn, J. T., Marshall, S. W. and Padua, D. A. (2009) Gluteal muscle activation during common therapeutic exercises. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 39(7), 532-540
  453. Boren, K., Conrey, C., Le Coguic, J., Paprocki, L., Voight, M. and Robinson, T. K. (2011) Electromyographic analysis of gluteus medius and gluteus maximus during rehabilitation exercises. The International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 6(3), 206-223
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